Download The Rise of Greek City-States

The Rise of Greek City-States
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Geography and the Greek Homeland
Greece
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Mountains and Valleys
• Part of the Balkan peninsula that is covered
with Mountains and isolated valleys
• Hundreds of rocky islands
• Geography caused them to develop individual
city-states
– Included the city and surrounding countryside
• Each was fiercely independent
– Led to frequent wars
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City-States
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The Seas
• Vital link to the world outside
of Greece
• Greek coastline provided safe
harbors for ships
• Greeks traded olive oil, wine
and marble for grains and
metal.
• Trading also brought them
into contact with new ideas.
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Development of the Alphabet
• Greeks traded with
Phoenicians and
borrowed their
alphabet .
– Modified it
• Greek alphabet
became the basis for
all western alphabets
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Population Growth
• As cities grew, Greeks left to populate new
areas throughout the Mediterranean.
• Greek settlers and traders carried their ideas
and culture with them.
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Governing the City-States
• Polis – Greek version of the city-state
– Built on two levels
• Acropolis or high city
– Location of temples to the many gods
• Walled main city
– Market place, theaters, public buildings and
homes
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Acropolis of Athens
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Acropolis of Athens
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Early Governments
• 750B.C. to 500 B.C. – most
city states ruled by monarchs
• Moved to an aristocracy (
ruling landowners)
• As trade create a middle class
which gained power – ruled
by an oligarchy (small group
of elite business class)
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Changes in Warfare
• Changes in military
tech increase the
power of the middle
class.
• Iron weapons replaced
bronze ones
– Cheaper so more
people could own them
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New Methods of Fighting
• Phalanx – massive formation of heavily armed
foot soldiers.
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Changes in Warfare
• Phalanx formations required long hours of
training
– Created a sense of unity among Citizen-soldiers
• Phalanx reduced class differences
• Athens and Sparta – two most important Citystates developed different ways of life.
– One militaristic (Sparta)
– One individualistic (Athens)
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Sparta
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Sparta: A Nation of Warriors
• The Spartans were Dorians that conquered
the southern part of Greece.
• Enslaved the people there- calling them helots
or state owned slaves
• Set up a brutal system of strict control
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Spartan Government
• Included two kings and a council of elders
• Assembly of Citizens
– All native born males over the age of 30
• Assembly elected five ephors –
– Officials that ran the day to day operations of the
city.
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Citizenship
• From childhood – Spartans prepared to be a part
of the military
– Sick children were left to die
• At Seven, boys began military training
– Became excellent soldiers
• to teach cunning – told to steal food and if
caught severely punished.
• 20 – could marry but still lived in the barracks for
another 10 years; at 30 could become Citizen
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Spartan Women
• Expected to produce healthy
sons for military
• Expected to exercise and
strengthen their body
• Had to obey fathers/
husbands but could inherit
property
• Ran family businesses and
estates
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Sparta and its Neighbors
•
•
•
•
Looked down on trade and wealth
Forbade citizens from travelling
Had little use for new ideas or art
Spartan lifestyle – today one of no frills!
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Athens: A limited Democracy
• Athens was located in
Attica – north of the
Peloponnesus
• Government evolved
from a monarchy into
an aristocracy
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Demands for Change
• Athenian wealth grew under the aristocracy
• Discontent spread among ordinary people
– Demanded rights for service to Athens
– Artisans resentful they couldn’t be citizens
– Famers demanded change
• Some sold themselves into slavery to pay debts
• Athens slowly moved toward Democracy
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Reforms
• Major reforms occurred between 594B.C. and
507 B.C.
– Debt slavery was outlawed
– Citizenship to foreigners
– Exports of wine and olive oil
– Building projects gave jobs to the poor
• Tyrants – people that gained power by force
– Supported by merchant and poor classes
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Cleisthenes
• 507 B.C., broadened the role of
the citizen
• Set up Council of 500
– Chosen by lot
– Prepared laws for the assembly
– Supervised day to day operations
• He made the assembly an
genuine legislature
• Male citizens over the age of 30
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Limited Rights
• Only male citizens could
participate in government
• Citizenship severely limited
– Thousands of slaves – no
rights of citizens
– Slaves gave citizens the time
to participate
• Athens gave more people a
say in government than any
other civilization of its day.
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Athenian Women
• Played no role in public life
• Aristotle – saw women as unable to reason
like men
• Led a secluded existence – managing the
households
– Slaves or children sent to run errands
• Poor women did work outside the home
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Education for Democracy
• Girls received little or no
education, boys attended
schools if family could afford
it.
• Learned to read & write;
played music; recited poetry;
• Studied public speaking –
required for being a good
citizen
• Military training
• Unlike Sparta – encouraged to
explore many areas of
knowledge.
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Common Culture
• Language
• Same gods and heroes
– Zeus ( god of gods &
humans)
• Athena ( wisdom)
• Aphrodite ( love)
• Ares (war)
• Viewed non-Greeks as
barbaroi or barbarians
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