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+ Chapter 1: Exploring Data Section 1.2 Displaying Quantitative Data with Graphs – Histograms The Practice of Statistics, 4th edition - For AP* STARNES, YATES, MOORE + If the directions read “compare the distribution of SAT scores between School 1 and School 2,” what is really being asked? Quantitative variables often take many values. A graph of the distribution may be clearer if nearby values are grouped together. The most common graph of the distribution of one quantitative variable is a histogram. How to Make a Histogram 1)Divide the range of data into classes of equal width. 2)Find the count (frequency) or percent (relative frequency) of individuals in each class. 3)Label and scale your axes and draw the histogram. The height of the bar equals its frequency. Adjacent bars should touch, unless a class contains no individuals. Displaying Quantitative Data + Histograms + The height of each bar tells how many students fall into that class. Note that the axes are labeled! The range of values on the x-axis is called a class. The bars have equal width!!! a Histogram The table on page 35 presents data on the percent of residents from each state who were born outside of the U.S. Class Count 0 to <5 20 5 to <10 13 10 to <15 9 15 to <20 5 20 to <25 2 25 to <30 1 Total 50 Number of States Frequency Table Percent of foreign-born residents Displaying Quantitative Data Making + Example, page 35 + SOCS for a Histogram…Have fun! Here are several cautions based on common mistakes students make when using histograms. Cautions 1)Don’t confuse histograms and bar graphs. Why??? 2)Use percents instead of counts on the vertical axis when comparing distributions with different numbers of observations. 3)Make sure you label your classes appropriately (equally) Displaying Quantitative Data Histograms Wisely + Using The most common measure of center is the ordinary arithmetic average, or mean. Definition: To find the mean x (pronounced “x-bar”) of a set of observations, add their values and divide by the number of observations. If the n observations are x1, x2, x3, …, xn, their mean is: sum of observations x1 x 2 ... x n x n n In mathematics, the capital Greek letter Σis short for “add them all up.” Therefore, the formula for the mean can be written in more compact notation: x x n i Describing Quantitative Data Center: The Mean + Measuring Another common measure of center is the median. Definition: The median M is the midpoint of a distribution, the number such that half of the observations are smaller and the other half are larger. To find the median of a distribution: 1)Arrange all observations from smallest to largest. 2)If the number of observations n is odd, the median M is the center observation in the ordered list. 3)If the number of observations n is even, the median M is the average of the two center observations in the ordered list. Describing Quantitative Data Center: The Median + Measuring Use the data below to calculate the mean and median of the commuting times (in minutes) of 20 randomly selected New York workers. Example, page 53 10 30 5 25 40 20 10 15 30 20 15 20 85 15 65 15 60 60 40 45 10 30 5 25 ... 40 45 x 31.25 minutes 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 005555 0005 Key: 4|5 00 represents a 005 005 5 New York worker who reported a 45minute travel time to work. 20 25 M 22.5 minutes 2 Wait, why are these values different??? Describing Quantitative Data Center + Measuring