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Series • Page 354 • Components are connected one after another • There is only one pathway for electrons to travel • The current is the same at all the points in the circuit ITotal = I1 = I2 Series We can use Ohm’s law to calculate: Total voltage (potential difference) – Vtotal Total Resistance – Rtotal Total Current – Itotal Vtotal = Itotal x Rtotal where Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 (If there were 3 batteries) Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 (If there were 3 resistors) Itotal = Is the same throughout a series circuit Series • Series circuits are used when there is a need for a lot of power to operate an electric device. • An example would be a portable stereo which contains a number of batteries in series. Parallel • Page 355 • Components are arranged in separate branches • There are multiple pathways for the electrons to travel • The current is not the same at all the points in the circuit but initial current and final current must equal. Parallel Again we can use Ohm’s law to calculate: Total voltage (potential difference) – Vtotal Total Resistance – Rtotal Total Current – Itotal Vtotal = Itotal x Rtotal where Vtotal = Is the same across the circuit Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 (the sum of the currents through each branch of the circuit) 1 1 1 1 Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 (If there were 3 resistors) The equivalent resistance is always smaller than the smallest resistance. (p.367) Parallel Parallel circuits are used in electrical devices that we want to last a long time. Remote controls and programmable calculators use batteries connected in parallel Series and Parallel Examples If we had three resistors of 3Ω, 4Ω, and 8Ω in a series circuit. Equivalent resistance in a series circuit is larger than any individual resistor Requivalent = R1 + R2 + R3 Requivalent = 3Ω + 4Ω + 8Ω = 15Ω Series and Parallel Examples If we had three resistors of 12Ω, 12Ω, and 12Ω in a parallel circuit. The equivalent resistance is always smaller than the smallest resistance. 1/Requivalent = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 1/Requivalent = 1/12Ω + 1/12Ω + 1/12Ω 1/Requivalent = 3/12Ω Series and Parallel Examples 1/Requivalent = 3/12Ω 1/Requivalent = 1/4Ω If we multiply both sides of the equation by 4Ω x Requivalent we get Requivalent = 4Ω The resistance of the three resistors in parallel is 4Ω Circuit Diagram Symbols