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Electronics
Principles & Applications
Eighth Edition
Charles A. Schuler
Chapter 1
Introduction
(Student Version)
©2013
McGraw-Hill
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INTRODUCTION
• History
• Digital or Analog
• Analog Functions
• Circuits with Both DC and AC
• Trends
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Dear Student:
This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment
is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a
Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review
slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by
clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you
to view that segment again, if you want to.
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History
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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1899
1901
1906
1943
1947
1958
1971
1982
Discovery of the electron
Radio
Vacuum tube (Audion)
First computer (ENIAC)
Transistor
Integrated circuit
Microprocessor
Single chip DSP
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Joseph John ("J.J.") Thompson
performed experiments with
beams of negative particles
that led him to the conclusion
that they consisted of lightweight
particles with a negative electric
charge, now known as electrons.
Thompson was awarded the 1906
Nobel Prize.
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An early spark-gap radio transmitter
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This is the original Audion
patent dated January, 1907.
The Audion was used as a
detector of radio signals, an
amplifier of audio and an
oscillator for transmitting
radio signals.
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Technician replacing one of ENIAC’s 17,468 vacuum tubes
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First point-contact transistor built by
Walter Brattain. It was ½ inch high.
Solder joint
Base lead
Paper clip
(spring support and base lead)
Plastic
(insulating support
for point contacts)
Gold foil
Emitter lead
Two gold point contacts
(0.002” apart)
Collector
Germanium crystal
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Kilby’s first chip
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A drawing of the top
metalization layer for
the Intel 4004 … the
first single-chip
microprocessor which
was announced in
1971.
This chip held 2,300
transistors. Today, an
Intel Core processor
might hold 560
million transistors.
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Concept Preview
• The world of electronics can be divided into
digital or analog.
• Analog signals come from nature and from
physical systems.
• Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels.
• Digital signals usually have only two levels.
• Digital signals are often represented as binary
numbers.
• A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace.
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An infinite number of levels
ANALOG
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2 levels
DIGITAL
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ANALOG
(non-linear)
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Binary numbers
Analog in … digital out
A/D
converter
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01101110
11001000
11000010
01101110
00001110
00001001
01101110
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Digital in … analog out
01101110
11001000
11000010
01101110
00001110
00001001
01101110
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D/A
converter
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00000000
11111111
10000000
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D/A
converter
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Electronic circuit quiz
The output of a typical digital circuit has
_________ states or levels.
two
The output of a typical analog circuit has
________ states or levels.
infinite
Linear electronic circuits are in the category
called ____________.
analog
An analog circuit with some distortion can
be called ________.
non-linear
An analog signal can be changed to a numerical
format by an ____________. A/D converter
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Concept Review
• The world of electronics can be divided into
digital or analog.
• Analog signals come from nature and from
physical systems.
• Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels.
• Digital signals usually have only two levels.
• Digital signals are often represented as binary
numbers.
• A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace.
Repeat Segment
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ANALOG ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS
Oscillator
Controller
Divider
Adder
Switch
Clipper
Amplifier
Detector
Mixer
Filter
Subtractor
Comparator
Converter
Regulator
Attenuator
Multiplier
Rectifier
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Concept Preview
• Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc
components.
• Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to
another.
• Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the
signal frequency.
• Capacitors block dc since they have infinite
reactance at 0 Hz.
• Bypass capacitors remove the ac component.
• Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.
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Many circuits are a mix of ac and dc.
10 V
10 V
10 kW
3.3 kW 1 mF
10 VP-P
10 kHz
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0V
1 mF
10 kW
10 kW
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+5 V
0V
10 V
10 kW
3.3 kW 1 mF
10 VP-P
10 kHz
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-5 V
1 mF
10 kW
10 kW
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Note the loss in ac
amplitude due to
the drop across
the 3.3 kW resistor.
10 V
10 kW
3.3 kW 1 mF
10 VP-P
10 kHz
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0V
1 mF
10 kW
10 kW
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Note the combined
dc and ac.
+5 V
0V
10 V
10 kW
3.3 kW 1 mF
10 VP-P
10 kHz
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1 mF
10 kW
10 kW
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Note that the dc
signal is blocked
by the capacitor.
0V
10 V
10 kW
3.3 kW 1 mF
10 VP-P
10 kHz
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1 mF
10 kW
10 kW
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Bypass capacitors are used to eliminate the ac component.
+5 V
0V
10 V
10 kW
3.3 kW 1 mF
10 VP-P
10 kHz
10 kW
1 mF
Bypass capacitor
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Capacitor/resistor quiz
A node in an electronic circuit can have
both dc and ac _________.
signal components
Capacitors support the flow of ac but
block ________.
dc
Resistors provide equal opposition to both
____________.
dc and ac
When a capacitor is used to eliminate ac
at a node it is called a ________. bypass
A blocking capacitor is used to eliminate
________ at a circuit node.
dc
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Concept Review
• Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc
components.
• Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to
another.
• Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the
signal frequency.
• Capacitors block dc since they have infinite
reactance at 0 Hz.
• Bypass capacitors remove the ac component.
• Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.
Repeat Segment
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Insertion technology
Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board.
Solder
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Surface mount technology
Solder
SOT-223
Chip resistor
Devices placed by automatic equipment
Circuit boards cost less (fewer holes)
Higher connection density
Smaller and less expensive products
Difficult to repair
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Probing fine-pitch ICs is difficult without the right tools!
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The “Wedge” probe
from Agilent makes
it possible to safely
connect to fine-pitch
SMT integrated circuits.
Photograph courtesy of Agilent Technologies
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The Agilent 1145A probe is designed for surface mount devices.
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Wireless devices, programmable devices,
devices that know where they are, compact
digital cameras with built-in projectors and the
beat goes on!
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REVIEW
• History
• Digital or Analog
• Analog Functions
• Circuits with Both DC and AC
• Trends
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.