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Chapter 11 Capacitive Charging, Discharging, and Waveshaping Circuits Introduction • Circuit for studying capacitor charging and discharging. • Transient voltages and currents result when the circuit is switched. Capacitor Charging • For an uncharged capacitor, at the instant the switch is closed, the current jumps to E/R, then decays to zero. • At the instant of switching, the circuit looks like a short circuit. • The voltage across the capacitor begins at zero and gradually climbs to E volts. • The capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously. Capacitor Charging • Because the voltage cannot change instantaneously, the graphs have the shapes shown: Steady State Conditions • When the voltage and current reach their final values and stop changing, the circuit is at steady state. • The capacitor has voltage across it, but no current flows through the circuit. • The capacitor looks like an open circuit to steady state dc. Capacitor Discharging • Assume the capacitor has E volts across when it begins to discharge. • The current will jump to -E/R. • Both voltage and current will decay to zero. Capacitor Discharging • Here are the decay waveforms: Capacitor Charging Equations • The voltages and currents in a charging circuit do not change instantaneously. • These changes over time are exponential changes. • The equation for voltage across the capacitor over time is vC E 1 e t / RC Capacitor Charging Equations • The voltage across the resistor is found from KVL: E - vC. v R Ee t / RC • The current in the circuit is E t / RC iC e R Capacitor Charging Equations • Values at any time may be determined from these equations. • The waveforms are shown: The Time Constant • The rate at which a capacitor charges depends on the product of R and C. • This product is known as the time constant. • = RC • has units of seconds. Duration of a Transient • The length of time that a transient lasts depends on the exponential function e-t/. • As t increases, the function decreases, and when the t reaches infinity, the function decays to zero. • For all practical purposes, transients can be considered to last for only five time constants. Capacitor with an Initial Voltage • If the capacitor already has a voltage on it, this voltage is denoted as V0. • The voltage and current in a circuit will be affected by the initial voltage v C E V0 E e E V0 t / iC e R t / Capacitor Discharging Equations • If a capacitor is charged to voltage V0 and then discharged, the equations become v C V0 e t / R v R V0 e t / R V0 t / R iC e R Capacitor Discharge Equations • Note that the current is negative because it flows opposite to the reference direction. • As for the charging phase, discharge transients last five time constants. • All voltages and currents are at zero when the capacitor has fully discharged. Capacitor Discharge Equations • The curves shown represent voltage and current during discharge: More Complex Circuits • For complex circuits (those with multiple resistors), you may have to use Thévenin’s theorem. • Remove the capacitor and determine the Thévenin equivalent of the circuit. • Use RTh to determine . • Use ETh as the equivalent source voltage. An RC Timing Application • RC circuits are used to create delays for alarm, motor control, and timing applications. • The alarm unit shown contains a threshold detector, and when the input to this detector exceeds a preset value, the alarm is turned on. Simple Waveshaping Circuits • Circuit (a) provides approximate integration if 5>>T. • Circuit (b) provides approximate differentiation if 5>>T.