* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download inflectional
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Literary Welsh morphology wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Russian declension wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
MORPHOLOGY rd 3 lecture ENGLISH INFLECTION Inflection and inflection in English What is inflection word classes, paradigms, categories, word-forms declination/conjugation, traditional grammar basic allomorph, underlying representation productivity synchronic and diachronic analysis nouns, pronouns (personal – subject and object case, possessive and demonstrative) , adjectives (comparison and possessive adjectives), verbs adverbs, prepositions, articles Inflectional morphology is the branch that deals with paradigms. It is concerned with two things: with the semantic oppositions among morphosyntactic categories, on the one hand, and on the other, with the formal means, including inflections, that distinguish them. What are morpho-syntactic categories? This boy is loud. These boys are loud. noun in an active sentence is required to “start” the sentence this noun to be either in singular or in plural This is the –syntactic part The morpho- part can be explained by the –s which marks the category of number Different categories for different word-classes NOUNS – number, possession VERBS – tense, person, participles ADJECTIVES – comparison PRONOUNS – number, (remnants of) case, gender, possession ADVERBS – comparison ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, etc are not subject to such morpho-syntactic changes NOUNS NUMBER sg. pl. table tables sea seas church churches cat cats x+s sg. pl. goose geese man child men children ????? foot ox feet oxen –s is the underlying representation basic allomorph Goose + s= geese, man + s = men Productivity is a term that is very important in morphology plural marker –s has great productivity /z/ is the basic allomorph of the category of number in English Some changes in spelling orthographic convention dictionary-dictionaries, why not dictionarys the phonological change: wolf – wolves (/z/ voiced the voiceless /f/) cat – cats (the voiceless /t/ devoiced /z/ into /s/) Nouns – POSSESSION Pete’s book fell to the floor A great topic for discussion !!!! 1. Nominal or adjectival inflection? 2. Is it inflection at all? Orthographic adaptation: That is James’ book. The pronunciation is either /dзeimziz/ or /dзeimz/ VERBS 3rd person marker in the present tense past tense forms (preterit) past participle forms suppletion – suppletive alterations present participle forms Present tense 1st person 2nd person 3rd person singular work plural work work work works work SUPPLETION is when we take different roots to constitute word-forms in the paradigm of a lexeme, and the different forms are called suppletive alterations singular plural 1st person am are 2nd person are are 3rd person is are past tense forms walked played weeded the past tense marker is –ed suffix V + ed = V ed phonologically conditioned allomorphs /d/, /t/ and /id/, where the /d/ is the most frequent allomorph “Irregular” forms See, saw, seen, drink, drank, drunk, sit, sit, sit, think, thought, thought grow, grew, grown stand, stood, stood be, was, were, been All the “irregular” forms are still morphologically the suffixation with –ed: different allomorphs. Most linguists will anyway accept that: break + ed = broke break + ed = broken Present participles Present participles are formed by the suffixation of verbs with the –ing suffix. This suffix does not cause any major changes to the verb. It does not change the stress or pronunciation in any way. To achieve this, some alterations in spelling have to happen ADJECTIVES and adverbs two types of adjectival and adverbial comparison: inflectional and periphrastic big – bigger – (the) biggest beautiful – more beautiful – (the) most beautiful Some adjectival and adverbial comparisons are “irregular” - suppletion PRONOUNS subject object possessive adjective possessive pronouns 1st person sg I me my mine 2nd person sg you you your yours 3rd person – male sg he him his his 3rd person – female sg she her her hers 3rd person – neutral sg it it its its 1st person pl we us our ours 3rd person pl they them their theirs