Download participles

PARTICIPLES
AND
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
PARTICIPLES
• Participles are verbal adjectives.
• As adjectives they are declined like regular
adjectives.
• The perfect passive participle and the future active
participle are declined like first and second
declension adjectives.
• The present active participle is declined like a
third declension I-stem adjective except in the
ablative singular which usually ends in –e.
PARTICIPLES
• Although they are adjectives, they retain
characteristics of verbs such as:
–
–
–
–
–
They can take direct objects
They can take indirect objects
They can generate dependent clauses
They can be modified by adverbs
They have tense and voice
Present active participle
present stem + -ns, -ntis
Perfect passive participle
fourth principal part of verb
Future active participle
participle stem + -urus, -ura, -urum
Portans, portantis,
Portatus, portata, portatum;
Portaturus, portatura, portaturum;
present active
perfect passive
future active
Fugientes servi capti sunt.
Adjective
Participle
Subordinate clause
Temporal
Concessive
Conditional
Relative
The fleeing slaves were caught.
While fleeing, the slaves were caught.
Fleeing, the slaves were caught.
While they were fleeing, the slaves were caught.
When they were fleeing, the slaves were caught.
As they were fleeing, the slaves were caught.
Although they were fleeing, the slaves were caught.
If they were fleeing, the slaves were caught.
The slaves who were fleeing were caught.
Copiae victae erant miserae.
Adjective
Participle
Subordinate clause
Temporal
Causal
Concessive
Conditional
Relative
The conquered troops were unhappy.
The troops conquered were unhappy.
The troops being conquered were unhappy.
The troops on being conquered were unhappy.
The troops after being conquered were unhappy.
The troops having been conquered were unhappy.
The troops when they were conquered were unhappy.
The troops after they had been conquered were
unhappy.
The troops since they had been conquered were
unhappy.
The troops although they had been conquered were
unhappy.
The troops if they had been conquered were unhappy.
The troops who had been conquered were unhappy.
Translate as:
About to
Going to
Intend to
This roundabout way of expressing the concept is called the periphrastic.
When used with the verb to be, the system is called the active periphrastic
conjugation.
Discessurus est.
Discessura erat.
Discessuri fuerant
He is about to leave.
She was going to leave.
They had intended to leave.
The ablative absolute is a construct in which a noun is in the
ablative case and it is accompanied by a participle which is
also in the ablative case. The phrase serves to modify the
verbal predicate of a sentence almost in the fashion of an
adverb.
Although the ablative absolute usually uses a participle, an
adjective or another noun can be used.
Pomis acceptis, discessit.
Literal translation:
As a subordinate clause:
Temporal
Causal
Concessive
Conditional
The apples having been received, he departed.
When the apples had been received, he departed.
After the apples had been received, he departed.
Since the apples had been received, he departed.
Because the apples had been received, he departed.
As the apples had been received, he departed.
Although the apples had been received, he departed.
If he received the apples, he departed.