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CSCE 771 Natural Language Processing Lecture 19 Word Meanings II Topics Description Logic III Overview of Meaning Readings: Text Chapter 189NLTK book Chapter 10 March 27, 2013 Overview Last Time (Programming) Wordnet overview Today Computational Semantics Feature based grammars Readings: Text 19 NLTK Book: Chapters 9 and 10 Next Time: Computational Lexical Semantics –2– CSCE 771 Spring 2013 HW review Dropboxes 1. 2. 3. 4. frequency distribution - Handbook Assignment Regular Expression /urllib2 - Identify prerequisites Assignment Extend backoff tagger to include trigram Assignment Test1 Soon to exist: NER for handbook –3– CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Wordnet Most synsets are connected to other synsets via a number of semantic relations. These relations vary based on the type of word, and include: Nouns –4– hypernyms: Y is a hypernym of X if every X is a (kind of) Y (canine is a hypernym of dog) “superordinate” “superclass” hyponyms: Y is a hyponym of X if every Y is a (kind of) X (dog is a hyponym of canine) “IS-A” coordinate terms: Y is a coordinate term of X if X and Y share a hypernym (wolf is a coordinate term of dog, and dog is a coordinate term of wolf) “sibling” holonym: Y is a holonym of X if X is a part of Y (building is a holonym of window) “HAS-PART” meronym: Y is a meronym of X if Y is a part of X (window is a meronym of building) “IS-PART” “IS-MEMBER” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Verbs hypernym: the verb Y is a hypernym of the verb X if the activity X is a (kind of) Y (to perceive is an hypernym of to listen) troponym: the verb Y is a troponym of the verb X if the activity Y is doing X in some manner (to lisp is a troponym of to talk) entailment: the verb Y is entailed by X if by doing X you must be doing Y (to sleep is entailed by to snore) coordinate terms: those verbs sharing a common hypernym (to lisp and to yell) Adjectives related nouns similar to participle of verb Adverbs –5– root adjectives http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet CSCE 771 Spring 2013 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ x –6– CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Wordnet online Fig 19-1 –7– CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Word senses A word sense is a distinct meaning Synonym sets are relations among word senses • couch/sofa, car/automobile antonyms also • long/short, big/large, rise/fall • extremes; or opposite in direction –8– CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Fig 19-2 Noun relations in wordnet –9– CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Fig 19-3 Verb relations in wordnet – 10 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Fig19-4-like IS-A (hyponym) Chain for lemma bass#7 – 11 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Sister terms (= coordinate terms) – 12 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Thematic Roles 19.19 “Sasha broke the window.” exists e,x,y breaking(e) & breaker(e, Sasha) & brokenThing(e, y) & window(y) 19.20 Pat opened the door. Deep or thematic roles • Panini (Indian grammarian) circa 7th-4th century BC • Fillmore 1968, Gruber 1965 – 13 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Fig 19.5 Common Thematic Roles – 14 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 19.6 Examples of Thematic Roles – 15 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Variations of expression • John broke the window. • John broke the window with a rock. • The rock broke the window. • The window broke. • The window was broken by John. – 16 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Case Frames for verbs Break • Agent: Subject, Theme:Object • Agent: Subject, Theme:Object, Instrument: PP-with • Instrument:Subject, Theme:Object • Theme: Subject – 17 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 19.4.3 Problems with Thematic Roles Example 19.27 a. the cook opened the jar with the new gadget. b. the new gadget opened the jar. Example 19.28 a. Shelly ate the banana with a fork. b. *The fork ate the banana. – 18 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Prop Bank PropBank is a corpus that is annotated with verbal propositions and their arguments—a "proposition bank". • http://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/projects/ace.html – 19 – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PropBank CSCE 771 Spring 2013 PropBank Online http://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/projects/ace.html – 20 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 FrameNet – 21 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Framenet Core Roles – 22 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 FrameNet Examples ... [Cook the boys] ... GRILL [Food their catches] [Heating_instrument on an open fire]. [Avenger I] 'll GET EVEN [Offender with you] [Injury for this]! [ Punishment This attack was conducted] [Support in] RETALIATION [ Injury for the U.S. bombing raid on Tripoli... [Sleeper They] [Copula were] ASLEEP [Duration for hours] – 23 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 FrameNet Index of Lexical Units – 24 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Selectional restrictions of roles from PropBank – 25 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Fig 19-7 Hamburger Edible? – 26 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 – 27 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 – 28 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Figure 19.8 Shank’s Conceptual Dependencies Roger Schank 1969 Professor at Yale – 29 – aclweb.org/anthology-new/C/C69/C69-0201.pdf CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Conceptual Dependency Governing Categories • PP – an actor or object corresponds to concrete nominal nouns • ACT – an action • LOC – a location of a conceptualization • T – time of a conceptualization Assisting Categories • PA – attribute of a PP • AA – attribute of an ACT Graphical representation – 30 – aclweb.org/anthology-new/C/C69/C69-0201.pdf CSCE 771 Spring 2013 Conceptual syntax rules Ref: ??? Elaine Rich’s Text on AI – 31 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 www.csc.csudh.edu/jhan/Fall2006/csc411/Notes/Chapter%207.ppt CD Examples 1. John ran. 2. John is tall. 3. John is a doctor. 4. A nice boy. 5. John’s dog 6. John pushed the cart 7. John took the book from Mary 8. John drank milk 9. john fertilized the field 10. the plants grew 11. Bill shot Bob – 32 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 www.csc.csudh.edu/jhan/Fall2006/csc411/Notes/Chapter%207.ppt CD for “John at the egg.” . – 33 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 www.csc.csudh.edu/jhan/Fall2006/csc411/Notes/Chapter%207.ppt CD “John prevented Mary from giving the book to Bill.” .More tenses and modes p past f future t transition k continuing c conditional / negative ? Interrogative pil present – 34 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 www.csc.csudh.edu/jhan/Fall2006/csc411/Notes/Chapter%207.ppt Restaurant Script Roger Schank again Collection of scenes describing typical events e.g. “visit a restaurant” 1. Entering 2. Ordering 3. Eating 4. Paying/Leaving – 35 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013 www.csc.csudh.edu/jhan/Fall2006/csc411/Notes/Chapter%207.ppt Modifiers – 36 – CSCE 771 Spring 2013