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Each Hebrew word has a three-consonant root. Hollow verbs have a medial (middle) וor י, such as בוא, ׂשים, צום, קום, מות, בוׁש, and רוץ. These verbs are called hollow because the medial וor יis not displayed in some forms. Although these words are found in a Hebrew lexicon under their original roots קוםand בוא, they are inflected in the perfect verb form as קָ םand בָ א. Some grammarians refer to hollow verbs as biconsonantal verbs because the perfect and participle forms of these verbs display two root consonants instead of three. Although hollow verbs are considered to be weak overall, within the category they have a Note the following hollow perfect verb inflection strong and weak form. If one for both the strong and weak hollow verbs: of the root consonants is a Strong Weak guttural, it is considered a weak PNG Strong Hollow Hollow hollow verb. 3ms קָ טַ ל קָ ם בָ א Strong hollow verbs have a qamatz under the first root of all third3fs קָ ְטלָה קָ מָ ה בָ ָאה person forms and a patakh under 2ms ָָּ ְקָ טַ ל ת ָָּ קַ ְמ ת ָָּ ָב את the first root for all second- and first-person forms. 2fs ְָּ ְקָ טַ ל ת ָּקַ ְמ ְת בָ את 1cs קָ טַ לְ ִּתי קַ ְמ ִּתי אתי ִּ ָב 3cp קָ ְטלּו קָ מּו בָ אּו 2mp ְקטַ לְ תֶ ם קַ ְמתֶ ם בָ אתֶ ם 2fp ְקטַ לְ תֶ ן קַ ְמתֶ ן בָ אתֶ ן 1cp קָ טַ לְ נּו קַ ְמנּו בָ אנּו Weak hollow verbs have a qamatz under the first root of all forms. The אof the weak hollow form does not have a shewa as expected. When an אcloses a syllable, it is not pronounced and does not take a shewa. The paradigm for hollow participles is as follows: Masculine Feminine Singular קָ ם קָ ִּמים Plural קָ מָ ה קָ מוֹת Note that the 2fs participle and the 3fs perfect forms are identical. The difference between the two is the stress: the 3fs perfect form has stress on the first syllable and the 2fs participle form has stress on the last syllable. One guideline to distinguish between the two identical forms is that the participle form usually comes after the subject while the perfect form usually precedes the subject. This guideline along with the context of the sentence will help you determine which form to use in a given translation. The prepositions ִּמןand ָּ ְכtake slightly different forms when pronominal suffixes are added. ִּממֶ ִָּּני ִּמ ְמָך ִּממֵּ ְך ִּממֶ נּו ִּממֶ ָָּנה ִּממֶ נּו ִּמכֶם ִּמכֶן מֵּ הֶ ם מֵּ הֶ ן מֵּ הֵּ נָה from me from you (ms) from you (fs) from him from her from us from you (mp) from you (fp) from them (mp) from them (fp) (or) from them (fp) כָ מ ֹוִָּּני כָ מוָֹך כָ מוְֹך כָ מוֹהּו ָָּ כָ מו ֹה כָ מוֹנּו כָ ֶָּכם כָ ֶכָּן כָ ֶָּהם כָ ֶָּהן like me like you (ms) like you (fs) like him like her like us like you (mp) like you (fp) like them (mp) like them (fp) The forms for 3ms and 1cp are identical. Context will help you decide which translation is correct. The singular and 1cp forms have a longer spelling of ִּמן and כ. ְָּ For מן, ִּ the preposition is actually written twice: ִּמן and ִּמןcombine to create ממֶ נ. ִּ The longer form of ְָּכis כָמָֹּו. The second- and thirdperson plural forms have a shortened spelling of . ְָּכand ִּמן The Hebrew equivalent of the English words all, each, every, and whole is כֹל (also spelled as )כָ ל. כֹלprecedes the noun that it modifies. Sometimes כֹלis connected to a noun by a maqqep. Note the following examples that are translated as all instead of each or every. All is generally used when the noun being modified has the definite article. כֹל־ּגוֹי כֹל־הַ ּגוֹי כֹל־הַ ּג ֹויִּם כֹל־בׁקֶ ר כֹל־הַ בׁ ֶָּקר כֹל־הַ בׁ ֶָּק ִּרם each nation (or) every nation all the nation (or) the whole nation all the nations each morning (or) every morning all the morning (or) the whole morning all the mornings כָ ל־אֲ ֶׁשרmeans “everything which” or “everything that.” כָ ל־אֲ ֶׁשרis preceded by אֶ ת־when it is the object of a verb. For example: ׁשרָָּאמַ ר ֶָּ ֲכָ תַ בָּהָ ִּאיׁשָּאֶ ת־כָ ל־א The man wrote everything that he said. When combined with an adjective, כָ לhas an indefinite pronominal translation. For example: כָ ל־טוֹב Anything good.