Download 11th Grade – 5 Points

Go over the rules of the following grammatical structures.
1.
All Tenses: Active & Passive
Present simple, present progressive, past simple, past progressive,
future simple, future progressive, future past, present perfect
simple, present perfect progressive, past perfect simple, past
perfect progressive.
2.
Gerunds (v+ing), Infinitives (to+v1) and Base form (v1)
We use gerunds in the following cases:
* As the subject at the beginning of the sentence.
e.g. Smoking is bad for your health.
* After prepositions: at, of, by, instead of, with, without, in, on,
about, for, against, after, while.
e.g. Don’t go without talking to me.
* After certain verbs and expressions: enjoy, not mind, consider,
delay, avoid, postponed, feel like, recommend, resent, it’s worth/
worthwhile, be accustomed to, can’t help, dislike, look forward to,
admit, miss, risk, practice, it’s no use, would you mind, have
difficulty, appreciate, can’t stand, can’t resist.
* After the following you can either use gerunds or infinitives with
no change of meaning: begin, start, continue, love, like, hate,
prefer, intend.
* We use the infinitive in the following expressions.
 I want you to finish the work on time.
 He was the first person to leave.
 He was the only boy to sign up for the course.
 She is too young to drive / she is old enough to drive.
 I went to the story to buy food.
* After the following verbs you can use either gerunds or
infinitives but the meaning changes!
‫זכרתי לכתוב‬
I remember to write it.
‫זכרתי שכתבתי‬
I remember writing it.
‫שכחתי לנעול את הדלת‬
I forgot to lock the door.
‫שכחתי שנעלתי‬
I forgot locking the door.
‫הפסקתי לעשן‬
I stopped smoking.
‫עצרתי כדי לעשן‬
I stopped to smoke
‫אני מצטער לומר זאת‬
I regret to say this.
‫אני מצטער שאמרתי זאת‬
I regret having said this
‫אני צריך לכסח את הדשא‬
I need to cut the grass
‫הדשא זקוק לכיסוח‬
The grass needs cutting
There’s a chance something will happen.
He is afraid of falling
He is very careful.
He is afraid to fall
* We use v1 after the following verbs: make, let, help, would
rather, had better. E.g. My mother makes me clean my room.
* Be used to - I’m used to getting up early in the morning.
Get used to – I’ll get used to working hard.
Used to – When I was young, I used to play the piano. (not anymore)
3.
Temporals
Use present simple after the following expressions (even if they
talk about the future): after, before, as soon as, as long as, by the
time, till, until, when, the moment, once, the minute.
e.g. When I grow up, I will be a pilot.
4.
Conditional Sentences
When?
Condition – If
1. Future
If you study
Result
You will succeed.
(a possibility)
Present simple - V1
Future simple – will/must/can + V1
2. Present
If I were rich
I would travel a lot.
(an unreal case)
Past simple – V2
Future past – would + V1
3. Past
If You had studied
You would have succeeded.
(an unreal case)
Past perfect – had + V3
Future past perfect – would/could
should + have + V3
5.
Wish Sentences
When?
1. Future
You would succeed.
(Hope for the future)
Future past – would + V1
2. Present
(an unreal case)
I wish
I knew Chinese.
Past simple – V2
3. Past
I had known about the truth earlier.
(an unreal case)
Past perfect - had + V3
6.
Relative Pronouns
Used for people
Who
Used for animals and things
Which
Replaces who or which. That can not be preceded by a comma.
That
 Must be used after prepositions.
Whom
Whose
Where
When
 Used for people in formal English.
Used for possession. Replaces words like our, his, Dan’s, the
man’s.
Used for places
Used for dates.
7.
Prepositions of Time
- The preposition "at" is used for hours:
Let's meet at six o'clock.
- For dates and days of the week, we use "on":
His birthday is on Monday.
It happened on March 3, 1997.
- For months and years we use "in":
My birthday is in September.
We began working in this project in 2001
8.
Modals and Semi-Modals
can
could
be able to
may
might
should
ought to
must
have to
need to
will
would
Permission: may, can
Ability: can, be able to
Past Ability: could
Advice / Opinion: should, ought to
Obligation / Necessity: must, have to, need to
Prohibition: mustn’t
Probability: may
Polite Request: would, could
9.
Various Rules and Tips
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Although, even though, though, despite the fact, in spite of
the fact = ‫ למרות ש‬are always followed by a sentence (subject
+ verb)
e.g. Even though she was ill, she came to school.
Despite, in spite of = ‫ למרות ה‬are always followed by a noun
phrase.
e.g. Despite her illness, she came to school.
Because of, due to, owing to are followed by a noun phrase.
e.g. The game was cancelled due to the heavy rain.
Because, since, as, for are followed by a sentence (subject +
verb)
e.g. The game was cancelled because it was raining.
Neither…nor – ...‫ ולא‬...‫ לא‬e.g. Neither Guy nor Sharon did
homework.
Either…or – ...‫או‬...‫ או‬e.g. we can do it either now or tomorrow.
After everyone / everybody / everything always use the
singular form of the verb. E.g. Everyone was happy about it.
Another + singular noun => another man.
Other + a noun in the plural => other people.
‫‪ e.g. Some people agreed, others didn’t.‬אחרים – ‪Others‬‬
‫‪(Shows contrast).‬‬
‫בקרב‪ ,‬בין (יותר משניים) – )‪Among (amongst‬‬
‫‪e.g. Divide the money among you.‬‬
‫‪ e.g. Divide the money between the two of‬בין (שניים) – ‪Between‬‬
‫‪you.‬‬
‫‪The word police is used in the plural form.‬‬
‫‪E.g. The police are looking for suspects.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Review the different types of sentence connectors.‬‬
‫‪Review Essay of Opinion & For and Against – know the‬‬
‫!‪difference‬‬
‫‪Spelling Rules‬‬
‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪.7‬‬
‫‪.8‬‬
‫חייבת להיות לפחות אות ניקוד אחת בכל הברה‪ .‬לכן במילים מסוימות חייבים‬
‫‪boy –boys‬‬
‫להוסיף ‪ es‬ולא רק ‪Watch - watches .s‬‬
‫האות ‪ q‬אינה נכתבת לבד‪ .‬אחריה תופיע האות ‪ u‬ואות ניקוד נוספת‪.‬‬
‫‪queue, quickly‬‬
‫מילים באנגלית אינן מסתיימות ב – ‪i, v, j‬‬
‫במקום ‪ i‬משתמשים ב – ‪y‬‬
‫אחרי ‪ v‬נוסיף ‪ e‬בסוף מילה‪(Glove( .‬‬
‫במקום ‪ j‬נכתוב ‪(Age, bridge) .ge‬‬
‫לאות ‪ c‬יש צליל )‪ (s‬כאשר יש אחריה ‪(cycle) . i, e, y‬‬
‫לאות ‪ c‬יש צליל )‪ (k‬כאשר יש אחריה ‪(car) . a, u‬‬
‫לאות ‪ g‬יש צליל ‪ j‬כאשר כותבים אחריה ‪.(gem, giraffe) . y, e, i‬‬
‫אחרי האות ‪ i‬תמיד נכתוב ‪ e‬למעט אחרי ‪. c‬‬
‫)‪(friend, believe, deceive, receive‬‬
‫כאשר מוסיפים סיומת למילה המסתיימת ב‪: e-‬‬
‫משמיטים את ה‪ e -‬אם הסיומת מתחילה באות ניקוד‪measurable –measure .‬‬
‫משאירים את ה‪ e -‬אם הסיומת מתחילה בעיצור‪use - useless .‬‬
‫מילים המסתיימות ב‪: y -‬‬
‫אם לפני ה‪ y -‬יש אות ניקוד‪ ,‬יש להשאירה ולהוסיף מה שצריך‪joyous – joy .‬‬
‫אם לפני ה‪ y -‬יש עיצור‪ ,‬יש להחליפה ב‪ e -‬ולהוסיף מה שצריך‪.‬‬
‫‪prettier – pretty‬‬
‫חשוב! כלל זה אינו רלוונטי כאשר מוסיפים ‪ .ing‬לעולם לא נשמיט ‪ y‬לפני ‪.ing‬‬