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Go over the rules of the following grammatical structures. 1. All Tenses: Active & Passive Present simple, present progressive, past simple, past progressive, future simple, future progressive, future past, present perfect simple, present perfect progressive, past perfect simple, past perfect progressive. 2. Gerunds (v+ing), Infinitives (to+v1) and Base form (v1) We use gerunds in the following cases: * As the subject at the beginning of the sentence. e.g. Smoking is bad for your health. * After prepositions: at, of, by, instead of, with, without, in, on, about, for, against, after, while. e.g. Don’t go without talking to me. * After certain verbs and expressions: enjoy, not mind, consider, delay, avoid, postponed, feel like, recommend, resent, it’s worth/ worthwhile, be accustomed to, can’t help, dislike, look forward to, admit, miss, risk, practice, it’s no use, would you mind, have difficulty, appreciate, can’t stand, can’t resist. * After the following you can either use gerunds or infinitives with no change of meaning: begin, start, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend. * We use the infinitive in the following expressions. I want you to finish the work on time. He was the first person to leave. He was the only boy to sign up for the course. She is too young to drive / she is old enough to drive. I went to the story to buy food. * After the following verbs you can use either gerunds or infinitives but the meaning changes! זכרתי לכתוב I remember to write it. זכרתי שכתבתי I remember writing it. שכחתי לנעול את הדלת I forgot to lock the door. שכחתי שנעלתי I forgot locking the door. הפסקתי לעשן I stopped smoking. עצרתי כדי לעשן I stopped to smoke אני מצטער לומר זאת I regret to say this. אני מצטער שאמרתי זאת I regret having said this אני צריך לכסח את הדשא I need to cut the grass הדשא זקוק לכיסוח The grass needs cutting There’s a chance something will happen. He is afraid of falling He is very careful. He is afraid to fall * We use v1 after the following verbs: make, let, help, would rather, had better. E.g. My mother makes me clean my room. * Be used to - I’m used to getting up early in the morning. Get used to – I’ll get used to working hard. Used to – When I was young, I used to play the piano. (not anymore) 3. Temporals Use present simple after the following expressions (even if they talk about the future): after, before, as soon as, as long as, by the time, till, until, when, the moment, once, the minute. e.g. When I grow up, I will be a pilot. 4. Conditional Sentences When? Condition – If 1. Future If you study Result You will succeed. (a possibility) Present simple - V1 Future simple – will/must/can + V1 2. Present If I were rich I would travel a lot. (an unreal case) Past simple – V2 Future past – would + V1 3. Past If You had studied You would have succeeded. (an unreal case) Past perfect – had + V3 Future past perfect – would/could should + have + V3 5. Wish Sentences When? 1. Future You would succeed. (Hope for the future) Future past – would + V1 2. Present (an unreal case) I wish I knew Chinese. Past simple – V2 3. Past I had known about the truth earlier. (an unreal case) Past perfect - had + V3 6. Relative Pronouns Used for people Who Used for animals and things Which Replaces who or which. That can not be preceded by a comma. That Must be used after prepositions. Whom Whose Where When Used for people in formal English. Used for possession. Replaces words like our, his, Dan’s, the man’s. Used for places Used for dates. 7. Prepositions of Time - The preposition "at" is used for hours: Let's meet at six o'clock. - For dates and days of the week, we use "on": His birthday is on Monday. It happened on March 3, 1997. - For months and years we use "in": My birthday is in September. We began working in this project in 2001 8. Modals and Semi-Modals can could be able to may might should ought to must have to need to will would Permission: may, can Ability: can, be able to Past Ability: could Advice / Opinion: should, ought to Obligation / Necessity: must, have to, need to Prohibition: mustn’t Probability: may Polite Request: would, could 9. Various Rules and Tips Although, even though, though, despite the fact, in spite of the fact = למרות שare always followed by a sentence (subject + verb) e.g. Even though she was ill, she came to school. Despite, in spite of = למרות הare always followed by a noun phrase. e.g. Despite her illness, she came to school. Because of, due to, owing to are followed by a noun phrase. e.g. The game was cancelled due to the heavy rain. Because, since, as, for are followed by a sentence (subject + verb) e.g. The game was cancelled because it was raining. Neither…nor – ... ולא... לאe.g. Neither Guy nor Sharon did homework. Either…or – ...או... אוe.g. we can do it either now or tomorrow. After everyone / everybody / everything always use the singular form of the verb. E.g. Everyone was happy about it. Another + singular noun => another man. Other + a noun in the plural => other people. e.g. Some people agreed, others didn’t.אחרים – Others (Shows contrast). בקרב ,בין (יותר משניים) – )Among (amongst e.g. Divide the money among you. e.g. Divide the money between the two ofבין (שניים) – Between you. The word police is used in the plural form. E.g. The police are looking for suspects. Review the different types of sentence connectors. Review Essay of Opinion & For and Against – know the !difference Spelling Rules .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 חייבת להיות לפחות אות ניקוד אחת בכל הברה .לכן במילים מסוימות חייבים boy –boys להוסיף esולא רק Watch - watches .s האות qאינה נכתבת לבד .אחריה תופיע האות uואות ניקוד נוספת. queue, quickly מילים באנגלית אינן מסתיימות ב – i, v, j במקום iמשתמשים ב – y אחרי vנוסיף eבסוף מילה(Glove( . במקום jנכתוב (Age, bridge) .ge לאות cיש צליל ) (sכאשר יש אחריה (cycle) . i, e, y לאות cיש צליל ) (kכאשר יש אחריה (car) . a, u לאות gיש צליל jכאשר כותבים אחריה .(gem, giraffe) . y, e, i אחרי האות iתמיד נכתוב eלמעט אחרי . c )(friend, believe, deceive, receive כאשר מוסיפים סיומת למילה המסתיימת ב: e- משמיטים את ה e -אם הסיומת מתחילה באות ניקודmeasurable –measure . משאירים את ה e -אם הסיומת מתחילה בעיצורuse - useless . מילים המסתיימות ב: y - אם לפני ה y -יש אות ניקוד ,יש להשאירה ולהוסיף מה שצריךjoyous – joy . אם לפני ה y -יש עיצור ,יש להחליפה ב e -ולהוסיף מה שצריך. prettier – pretty חשוב! כלל זה אינו רלוונטי כאשר מוסיפים .ingלעולם לא נשמיט yלפני .ing