Download 3ms

Today
2/3 of the 72,000
verbs in the
Hebrew Bible
are Qal stem.
Towards the end of the
semester
Last week of class
Heb 132
Already learned
Heb 132
Chart from Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt
• 1cs, 1cp and 3cp do not
distinguish between masculine
3ms
he killed
‫קָ טַ ל‬
and feminine and are referred to
3fs
she killed
‫קָ ְט ָָלה‬
as “common”.
2ms
you (m) killed
ָָ‫קָ טַ לְָת‬
• Though variations may occur in
2fs
you (f) killed
ְָ‫קָ טַ לְָת‬
the verb stem, the suffixes
1cs
I killed
‫קָ טַ לְָתָי‬
remain the same.
• The vowels of a verb stem may
3cp
reduce according to the
they killed
‫קָ ְטלּו‬
principles of vowel reduction
2mp
you (mp) killed
‫תם‬
ָ ְָ‫ְקטַ ל‬
explained in Chapter 2.
2fp
you (fp) killed
‫תן‬
ָ ְָ‫ְקטַ ל‬
• When a verb’s final root
1cp
we killed
‫קָ טַ לְָנּו‬
consonant is identical to the first
• Perfect verb form features suffixes consonant of the suffix, the two
(see red font)
consonants combine. For
example: ‫ תי‬+ ‫ כָ ַרת‬combine to
• 3ms is the basic form of the
create ‫ כָ ַרתי‬for the first common
perfect verb and does not have a
suffix.
singular “I cut”.
The perfect verb represents:
1. Completed action such as past tense (I wrote) and present
perfect tense (I have written).
wrote/I have
4. Habitual activity,
‫ כָ תַ בְ תי‬Iwritten
mainly in Hebrew poetry.
2. Perception, attitude or disposition.
Habitual activity does
For example:
not have a tense. This
form is rarely used in
know/they knew/they
‫ י ְָדעּו‬They
have known.
prose. For example:
‫ יָעַ ְצתָי‬I advise.
3. State of being, which is translated with
ָָ‫ כָ תַ בְ ת‬You (m.s.) write.
the English “to be” verb combined with
an adjective. For example:
Most Perfect Verbs should be
translated as Past
‫ זָקֵ ן‬He is old.
‫חָ זְקּו‬
They are strong.
Tense/Completed Action! (see
number 1)
3ms
‫ קָ טַ ל‬he killed
3fs
‫ קָ ְט ָלָה‬she killed
2ms
ָָ‫ קָ טַ לְָת‬you (m) killed
2fs
ְָ‫ קָ טַ לְָת‬you (f) killed
1cs
‫ קָ טַ לְָתָי‬I killed
3cp
‫ קָ ְטלּו‬they killed
2mp
‫ ְקטַ לְָתָם‬you (mp) killed
2fp
‫ ְקטַ לְָתָן‬you (fp) killed
1cp
‫ קָ טַ לְָנּו‬we killed
Key: Qamets vowel beneath
first root consonant.
Exception: Heavy endings
force propretonic vowel
reduction of the qamets to a
shewa. (see 2mp, 2fp)
Identify:
Verbal Stem (Qal, Niphal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, Hithpael)
Conjugation (Perfect, Imperfect, Participle, Imperative, etc.)
PNG (Person, Number, Gender) For example: 2ms, 1cs, 3mp, etc.
Verbal Root (3 consonant root) For example: the root for ‫ זָכַ ְרתי‬is
‫זכר‬
‫ = זָכַ ְרתי‬Qal Perfect 3ms ‫זכר‬
Root vs. Stem
‫זכר‬
vs.
‫זָכַ ר‬
‫‪Parse the following:‬‬
‫ָאכָ לְָתָי‬
‫י ַָדעְָתָָ‬
‫מָ ַרדְָנּו‬
‫ָאמַ ְָר‬
‫ת‬
‫עָ זְבּו ְָ‬
‫י ְַדעְָתָ‬
‫ָאכָ לְָתָןי‬
‫ָדלְ פָָה‬
‫מָ לְַך‬
‫גְ ַאלְָתי‬
‫בְ חַ רְָתם‬
‫עָ שיתָָ‬
‫לָכָ דְָנּו‬
‫ָשמַ רְָנּו‬
‫ָש ְמעּו‬
‫בָ חָ רְָתי‬
‫ֲעזַבְָתן‬
‫חָ טָ אנּו‬
‫ָשכַ בְָתי‬
‫עֲשיתן‬
‫ָילַדְָתְָ‬
‫ָאמַ רְָתָָ‬
‫כָ לְ תָָה‬
‫ְפקַ דְָתי‬
‫שנּו‬
‫ָד ַר ְָ‬
‫נ ְָפלּו‬
‫זָכַ רְָתי‬
‫ְשמַ עְָתם‬
‫ָש ְקטָָה‬
‫ָשמַ עְָנּו‬
‫בְ גַ דְָתם‬
‫ָש ְרפּו‬
‫ָר ְפתָָה‬
‫ָאמַ ר‬
‫זָכְ רָָה‬
‫בָ נָה‬
Parse the following:
‫חָ טָ אנּו‬
‫ָשכַ בְָתי‬
‫עֲשיתן‬
ְָ‫ָילַדְָת‬
1st Common Plural
1st Common Singular
2nd Feminine Plural
2nd Feminine Singular
‫ְשמַ עְָתם‬
‫ָש ְקטָָה‬
‫ָשמַ עְָנּו‬
2nd Masculine Plural
‫זָכְ רָָה‬
‫בָ נָה‬
3rd Feminine Singular
3rd Feminine Singular
1st Common Plural
3rd Masculine Singular
‫ָשמַ רְָנּו‬
‫ָש ְמעּו‬
‫בָ חָ רְָתי‬
‫ֲעזַבְָתן‬
1st Common Plural
‫שנּו‬
ְָ ‫ָד ַר‬
‫נ ְָפלּו‬
‫זָכַ רְָתי‬
1st Common Plural
‫ָר ְפתָָה‬
‫ָאמַ ר‬
3rd Feminine Singular
3rd Common Plural
1st Common Singular
2nd Feminine Plural
3rd Common Plural
1st Common Singular
3rd Masculine Singular
‫גְ ַאלְָתי‬
‫בְ חַ רְָתם‬
1st Common Singular
2nd Masculine Plural
ָָ‫עָ שית‬
‫לָכָ ְָדנּו‬
ָָ‫ָאמַ רְָת‬
2nd Masculine Singular
‫כָ לְ תָָה‬
‫ְפקַ ְָדתי‬
‫בְ גַ ְָדתם‬
‫ָש ְרפּו‬
3rd Feminine Singular
1st Common Plural
2nd Masculine Singular
1st Common Singular
2nd Masculine Plural
3rd Common Plural
‫ָאכָ לְָתָי‬
ָָ‫י ַָדעְָת‬
1st Common Singular
2nd Masculine Singular
‫מָ ַרדְָנּו‬
ְָ‫ָאמַ ר‬
ְָ‫עָ זְבּות‬
1st Common Plural
ָ‫י ְַדעְָת‬
‫ָאכָ לְָתָןי‬
‫ָדלְ פָָה‬
‫מָ לְַך‬
2nd Feminine Plural
2nd Feminine Singular
3rd Common Plural
1st Common Singular
3rd Feminine Singular
3rd Masculine Singular
In English, the usual word order is subject, verb, and object. For
example: “David slew Goliath.”
In Hebrew, the word order of a sentence is usually verb,
subject, object. For example:
‫יָלְ דָָה הָ א ָשהָילד‬
‫זָכַ רָהַ מלְךָאֵָת־הַ עבד‬
Literal: Bore the woman a child.
Idiomatic: The woman bore a child.
Literal: Remembered the king the servant.
Idiomatic: The king remembered the servant.
The verb agrees with the subject’s person, number, and gender.
Adverbial elements usually follow the verb, subject, and object.
Pronominal subjects are built into the verb’s form. For
example:
‫הָ לְ כּוָאל־הַ ָָנהָ ר‬
‫כָ ְתבָ הָאת־הַ סֵ פָר‬
Literal: Walked they to the river.
Idiomatic: They walked to the river.
Literal: Wrote she the book.
Idiomatic: She wrote the book.
The word ‫ לׂא‬is used to negate the perfect and is placed before
the verb. For example:
‫ֹלאָזָכַ רָאת־הַ סֵָפר‬
Literal: Not he remembered the book.
Idiomatic: He did not remember the book.
Usually the indirect object follows the direct object. For example:
ָ‫נָתַ ןָהַ מלְךָאת־הַ בַָית‬
‫ָלָׂא ָשה‬
Literal: Gave the king the house to the
woman.
Idiomatic: The king gave the house to the
woman.
(“to the woman” is the indirect object)
An exception occurs when the indirect object is a pronominal
(me, you, him, her, etc.) and the direct object is not a
pronominal. In these cases the order is reversed.
‫נָתַ ןָליָאת־הַ סֵ פר‬
Literal: Gave he to me the book.
Idiomatic: He gave me the book.
The conjunction ְָ‫( ו‬and, but, or, also, even) varies before the
beginning of words that have the following traits:
The form is ‫ ּו‬when placed before words beginning with ‫ב‬,
‫פ‬, or ‫מ‬. For example:
‫מַ ים‬
‫מלְך‬
water
and water
a king
‫ּומַ ים‬
‫ּומלְך‬
‫בַ ית‬
a house
‫ּובַ ית‬
and a house
and a king
When a word begins with ‫ְָי‬, the ְָ‫ ו‬and ‫ ְָי‬contract to ‫וי‬. For example:
‫ְהּודה‬
ָ ‫י‬
‫יְשּועָָה‬
Judah
salvation
‫ויהּודָָה‬
‫וישּועָָה‬
and Judah
and salvation
The form is ‫ ּו‬when placed before most words whose first
consonant takes a shewa. For example:
‫ְשמּואֵָל‬
Samuel
‫ּושמּואֵ ל‬
ְ
and Samuel
When the first consonant of a word takes a composite shewa,
the conjunction’s vowel matches the short vowel of the
composite shewa. For example:
‫חֳלי‬
‫אֲ ָרצוֹת‬
sickness
lands
‫ָוחֳלי‬
‫וַאֲ ָרצוֹת‬
and sickness
and lands