Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Today 2/3 of the 72,000 verbs in the Hebrew Bible are Qal stem. Towards the end of the semester Last week of class Heb 132 Already learned Heb 132 Chart from Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt • 1cs, 1cp and 3cp do not distinguish between masculine 3ms he killed קָ טַ ל and feminine and are referred to 3fs she killed קָ ְט ָָלה as “common”. 2ms you (m) killed ָָקָ טַ לְָת • Though variations may occur in 2fs you (f) killed ְָקָ טַ לְָת the verb stem, the suffixes 1cs I killed קָ טַ לְָתָי remain the same. • The vowels of a verb stem may 3cp reduce according to the they killed קָ ְטלּו principles of vowel reduction 2mp you (mp) killed תם ָ ְְָקטַ ל explained in Chapter 2. 2fp you (fp) killed תן ָ ְְָקטַ ל • When a verb’s final root 1cp we killed קָ טַ לְָנּו consonant is identical to the first • Perfect verb form features suffixes consonant of the suffix, the two (see red font) consonants combine. For example: תי+ כָ ַרתcombine to • 3ms is the basic form of the create כָ ַרתיfor the first common perfect verb and does not have a suffix. singular “I cut”. The perfect verb represents: 1. Completed action such as past tense (I wrote) and present perfect tense (I have written). wrote/I have 4. Habitual activity, כָ תַ בְ תיIwritten mainly in Hebrew poetry. 2. Perception, attitude or disposition. Habitual activity does For example: not have a tense. This form is rarely used in know/they knew/they י ְָדעּוThey have known. prose. For example: יָעַ ְצתָיI advise. 3. State of being, which is translated with ָָ כָ תַ בְ תYou (m.s.) write. the English “to be” verb combined with an adjective. For example: Most Perfect Verbs should be translated as Past זָקֵ ןHe is old. חָ זְקּו They are strong. Tense/Completed Action! (see number 1) 3ms קָ טַ לhe killed 3fs קָ ְט ָלָהshe killed 2ms ָָ קָ טַ לְָתyou (m) killed 2fs ְָ קָ טַ לְָתyou (f) killed 1cs קָ טַ לְָתָיI killed 3cp קָ ְטלּוthey killed 2mp ְקטַ לְָתָםyou (mp) killed 2fp ְקטַ לְָתָןyou (fp) killed 1cp קָ טַ לְָנּוwe killed Key: Qamets vowel beneath first root consonant. Exception: Heavy endings force propretonic vowel reduction of the qamets to a shewa. (see 2mp, 2fp) Identify: Verbal Stem (Qal, Niphal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, Hithpael) Conjugation (Perfect, Imperfect, Participle, Imperative, etc.) PNG (Person, Number, Gender) For example: 2ms, 1cs, 3mp, etc. Verbal Root (3 consonant root) For example: the root for זָכַ ְרתיis זכר = זָכַ ְרתיQal Perfect 3ms זכר Root vs. Stem זכר vs. זָכַ ר Parse the following: ָאכָ לְָתָי י ַָדעְָתָָ מָ ַרדְָנּו ָאמַ ְָר ת עָ זְבּו ְָ י ְַדעְָתָ ָאכָ לְָתָןי ָדלְ פָָה מָ לְַך גְ ַאלְָתי בְ חַ רְָתם עָ שיתָָ לָכָ דְָנּו ָשמַ רְָנּו ָש ְמעּו בָ חָ רְָתי ֲעזַבְָתן חָ טָ אנּו ָשכַ בְָתי עֲשיתן ָילַדְָתְָ ָאמַ רְָתָָ כָ לְ תָָה ְפקַ דְָתי שנּו ָד ַר ְָ נ ְָפלּו זָכַ רְָתי ְשמַ עְָתם ָש ְקטָָה ָשמַ עְָנּו בְ גַ דְָתם ָש ְרפּו ָר ְפתָָה ָאמַ ר זָכְ רָָה בָ נָה Parse the following: חָ טָ אנּו ָשכַ בְָתי עֲשיתן ְָָילַדְָת 1st Common Plural 1st Common Singular 2nd Feminine Plural 2nd Feminine Singular ְשמַ עְָתם ָש ְקטָָה ָשמַ עְָנּו 2nd Masculine Plural זָכְ רָָה בָ נָה 3rd Feminine Singular 3rd Feminine Singular 1st Common Plural 3rd Masculine Singular ָשמַ רְָנּו ָש ְמעּו בָ חָ רְָתי ֲעזַבְָתן 1st Common Plural שנּו ְָ ָד ַר נ ְָפלּו זָכַ רְָתי 1st Common Plural ָר ְפתָָה ָאמַ ר 3rd Feminine Singular 3rd Common Plural 1st Common Singular 2nd Feminine Plural 3rd Common Plural 1st Common Singular 3rd Masculine Singular גְ ַאלְָתי בְ חַ רְָתם 1st Common Singular 2nd Masculine Plural ָָעָ שית לָכָ ְָדנּו ָָָאמַ רְָת 2nd Masculine Singular כָ לְ תָָה ְפקַ ְָדתי בְ גַ ְָדתם ָש ְרפּו 3rd Feminine Singular 1st Common Plural 2nd Masculine Singular 1st Common Singular 2nd Masculine Plural 3rd Common Plural ָאכָ לְָתָי ָָי ַָדעְָת 1st Common Singular 2nd Masculine Singular מָ ַרדְָנּו ְָָאמַ ר ְָעָ זְבּות 1st Common Plural ָי ְַדעְָת ָאכָ לְָתָןי ָדלְ פָָה מָ לְַך 2nd Feminine Plural 2nd Feminine Singular 3rd Common Plural 1st Common Singular 3rd Feminine Singular 3rd Masculine Singular In English, the usual word order is subject, verb, and object. For example: “David slew Goliath.” In Hebrew, the word order of a sentence is usually verb, subject, object. For example: יָלְ דָָה הָ א ָשהָילד זָכַ רָהַ מלְךָאֵָת־הַ עבד Literal: Bore the woman a child. Idiomatic: The woman bore a child. Literal: Remembered the king the servant. Idiomatic: The king remembered the servant. The verb agrees with the subject’s person, number, and gender. Adverbial elements usually follow the verb, subject, and object. Pronominal subjects are built into the verb’s form. For example: הָ לְ כּוָאל־הַ ָָנהָ ר כָ ְתבָ הָאת־הַ סֵ פָר Literal: Walked they to the river. Idiomatic: They walked to the river. Literal: Wrote she the book. Idiomatic: She wrote the book. The word לׂאis used to negate the perfect and is placed before the verb. For example: ֹלאָזָכַ רָאת־הַ סֵָפר Literal: Not he remembered the book. Idiomatic: He did not remember the book. Usually the indirect object follows the direct object. For example: ָנָתַ ןָהַ מלְךָאת־הַ בַָית ָלָׂא ָשה Literal: Gave the king the house to the woman. Idiomatic: The king gave the house to the woman. (“to the woman” is the indirect object) An exception occurs when the indirect object is a pronominal (me, you, him, her, etc.) and the direct object is not a pronominal. In these cases the order is reversed. נָתַ ןָליָאת־הַ סֵ פר Literal: Gave he to me the book. Idiomatic: He gave me the book. The conjunction ְָ( וand, but, or, also, even) varies before the beginning of words that have the following traits: The form is ּוwhen placed before words beginning with ב, פ, or מ. For example: מַ ים מלְך water and water a king ּומַ ים ּומלְך בַ ית a house ּובַ ית and a house and a king When a word begins with ְָי, the ְָ וand ְָיcontract to וי. For example: ְהּודה ָ י יְשּועָָה Judah salvation ויהּודָָה וישּועָָה and Judah and salvation The form is ּוwhen placed before most words whose first consonant takes a shewa. For example: ְשמּואֵָל Samuel ּושמּואֵ ל ְ and Samuel When the first consonant of a word takes a composite shewa, the conjunction’s vowel matches the short vowel of the composite shewa. For example: חֳלי אֲ ָרצוֹת sickness lands ָוחֳלי וַאֲ ָרצוֹת and sickness and lands