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Parts of Speech 8 Parts of Speech • • • • • Noun-names Pronoun-replaces names Verb-states action or being Adjective-describes nouns or pronouns Adverb-describes or limits verbs, adjectives or other adverbs • Preposition-relates • Conjunction-connects • Interjection-expresses strong feeling! Nouns--- people, place, thing, idea Types • Common-non specific names – man, church, country • Proper-specific names – Jim, The Arch, Chicago – always capitalized • Compound-includes more than 1 word – Separate words---living room – Hyphenated words---break-in; twenty-one – Combined words---birdhouse, flashlight • Collective-represents a group – class, family, team, choir, jury Types of Pronouns • Personal---I, me, my, you, our, we, they… • Reflexive---end in –self (myself, herself, themselves) NOT hisself or themself • Indefinite---refer to unnamed people, places, ideas (see pg. 33 for the list) • Demonstrative---this, that, these, those but only when used by themselves. NOT…This book is lost. This is cold. (adjective) (pronoun) • Interrogative---ask questions. Who, what, which, whom, whose Cases of Pronouns • Nominative---names; subjects or predicate nominative (found toward front of sentence) • Objective---action is done to it; found toward end of sentence • Possessive---shows ownership • Vocative---you Pronouns • Pronouns take the place of nouns • Must agree in gender and number with the noun to which it refers Antecedent This is noun that the pronoun is taking the place of. • Justin said he couldn’t go to the game. (antecedent) (pronoun) • Alan caught the ball and threw it to first base. (antecedent) (pronoun) Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement (pg. 225-227) • Pronouns and antecedents must agree, but sometimes it is very tricky to determine if the pronoun is singular or plural • Determining gender is fairly easy Masculine He, him, his Feminine Neuter She her, hers it, its Some pronouns seem like they should be plural, but are ALWAYS SINGULAR no matter what words follow it • If the pronoun ends in –one or –body, it is singular Anybody Anyone Each Singular Indefinite Pronouns either neither one everybody nobody somebody everyone no one someone Plural Indefinite Pronouns-these are always plural (more than one) no matter what words follow it. Plural Indefinite Pronouns Both Few Many Several These can be either singular or plural. The key is looking at the antecedent (object of the preposition) Singular or Plural all any most none some Some of the metal has lost its shine. Some of the performers have lost their edge. Verbs & Verb Phrases • Verbs can be action, linking, or helping • Action verbs tell the action the subject is doing. –Example: The man walked to the store. • Linking verbs are used when the subject is being described. They are state of being verbs –Example: The dinner was cold. • Was is the linking verb to connect dinner and cold. • Helping verbs are used to create a verb phrase. –Example: The snowflakes were falling on the ground. • Were is the helping verb that is used with falling to create the verb phrase were falling Adjectives • Describe nouns and pronouns • Answers the questions which ones, how many, what kind • If two are used in succession, they are separated by a comma , , – The large furry rabbit ate the green leafy lettuce • Sometimes, adjectives can really be nouns or pronouns – – – – Her article appeared in the school newspaper. Her article for school appeared in the newspaper. This is very interesting. This book is very interesting. Adverbs • Describe or limit verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs • Often (but not always) end in –ly • Answers the questions when, where, how, to what extent