Download Phrase vs. Clause

Good morning!
• Write today’s word and its definition on
your new vocabulary sheet, and then get
out materials to take some grammar
notes. (You don’t need to write today’s
vocab. sentence yet.)
Phrase vs. Clause
•Clause: a group of words with
both a subject and a verb
•Phrase: a group of words that
does not have both a subject and
a verb
Types of Clauses
• Independent Clause (I.C.)
a group of words with both a subject and
verb that can stand alone as a sentence
Examples:
I like pizza.
I have a dog.
Robert runs fast.
Types of Clauses continued…
Dependent Clause, also called Subordinate Clause (D.C.)
a group of words with both a subject and verb that
cannot stand alone as a sentence
Examples:
• When I grow up
• Because I like
gravy
• If we win the lottery
• Since it is raining
• After we came
home
• Although he is my
friend
• Whenever Sam calls
• Before you go home
• Unless we win the
game
• While you eat dinner
• Wherever we drive
• Anywhere he stands
Subordinating Conjunctions
• After, how, till ( or 'til), although, if
unless, as, in as much, until, as if, in
order that, when, as long as, lest,
whenever, as much as, now that,
whereas, soon as, provided
(that), wherever, as though, since,
while, because, so that, before, than
even if, that, even though, though
Types of Sentences
• Simple = I.C.
Examples:
We went outside.
I passed English.
The puppy is sleeping.
Types of Sentences continued…
• Compound = I.C. + I.C.
Examples:
We went outside, and the sun was shining.
I passed English; I studied so hard.
• The independent clauses must be joined either
by a comma and a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS) or by a semicolon.
Types of Sentences continued…
• Complex = I.C. + D.C.
Examples:
I passed English since I studied very diligently.
Because the sun was shining, we went outside.
*When the dependent clause comes first, it must be
followed by a comma.
*You don’t need a comma when you write the
dependent clause last.
Types of Sentences continued…
• Compound-Complex = I.C. + I.C. + D.C.
Examples:
We went outside, and it was a beautiful day
because the rain had stopped.
We went outside because the rain had stopped,
for it was a beautiful day.
Because the rain had stopped, we went
outside; it was a beautiful day.
Formulas
• Simple = I.C.
• Compound = I.C. + I.C.
• Complex = I.C. + D.C.
• Compound-Complex = I.C. + I.C. + D.C.
What type of sentence is this?
• Last night the puppy was
sleeping on a rug under the
stairs with her mother happily
snoozing by her side.
Verbals
• Verbals are words that are made from
verbs but are used as other parts of
speech. There are three types of Verbals:
Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives.
Participles
• A participle is a verb form that acts as an
adjective. It describes a noun or a pronoun.
– the sleeping child
– a flying bug
• A participial phrase is a phrase with the
participle and its modifiers and complements.
Dancing crazily, the flower girl made every
member of the wedding party smile.
Present Participle = a participle with a
present tense verb
• Misplaced or dangling participle: the
participial phrase modifies the wrong
object.
– Drifting gently to the ground, Jordan was
overwhelmed by the beauty of the snow.
• Corrected:
– Drifting gently to the ground, the snow was
overwhelmingly beautiful to Jordan.
Past Participles
• Our repaired window shows no sign of the
rock that crashed through it.
• A hush fell on the crowd as the injured
player was carted off the field.
• The polluted bay cannot sustain any
marine life.
• A watched pot never boils, but the liquid
inside it does.
Find the Past Participial Phrase
• My brother, known to everyone at school
as a math whiz, became an engineer.
• Concerned about her home, the elderly
woman refused to leave it when the storm
blew through.
• Published in 2006, Twilight has been an
extraordinary success in the world of
popular fiction.
• My cousin, excited to begin skiing, jumped
from the lift and fell right on his face.
All of the following sentences are
correct; which might have the
strongest impact on a reader?
• My new dress, splashed with yellow paint, was
ruined.
• Splashed with yellow paint, my new dress was
ruined.
• My new dress was ruined, splashed with yellow
paint.
Gerunds
• A gerund is a verb form that ends in ing
and is used as a noun.
Example:
Sleeping is fun.
The gerund sleeping serves as the subject
in this sentence.
Infinitives
• An infinitive is a verb form introduced by
the word to. It is used a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
• Example:
She likes to sleep.
The infinitive to sleep, a noun, serves as a direct object.
I have a paper to write before class.
The infinitive to write, functions as an adjective.
Verbals
• A gerund is a verb form that ends in ing
and is used as a noun.
• A participle is a verb form that acts as an
adjective. It describes a noun or a
pronoun.
• An infinitive is a verb form introduced by
the word to. It is used a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
Get into your groups from
yesterday and finish
working on finding the 4
types of sentences and the
verbal types in To Kill a
Mockingbird.
Coordinating Conjunctions
F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so
AWUBIST
•Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and
clauses.
•A coordinating conjunction can join two main clauses that a
writer wants to emphasize equally. The pattern for
coordination looks like this:
main Clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main Clause.
Subordinating Conjunctions
A- after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as
soon as, as though
W- When, whenever, Where, Whereever, While
U- Until, unless
B- Because, Before
I- if, in
S- Since, So
T- That, Than, though, Till
A subordinating
conjunction joins a
subordinate clause
to a main clause.
Prepositional Phrases
• A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other
words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the
preposition introduces is called the object of the
preposition.
• A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or
logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence
as in the following examples:
–
–
–
–
–
–
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition,
its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. A
prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb. The most common
prepositions are "about," "above," "across," "after,"
"against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before,"
"behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between,"
"beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during,"
"except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like,"
"near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over,"
"past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to,"
"toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon,"
"with," "within," and "without."