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elementary [email protected] Члены предложения subject главные подлежащее predicate сказуемое второстепенные complement дополнение adjective определение adverbial modifier обстоятельство Functions Parts of Speech Examples Функции Части речи Примеры subject – объект, совершающий действие действие, предикат object – объект, над которым совершается действие характеристика объекта характеристика действия noun, pronoun существительное, местоимение в Именительном падеже verb, verb phrase глагол, глагол-связка с к.-л. второстепенным членом предложения sportsman, computers, I, we, you, it, they plays, is working, am here, is mine, are clever, was at home noun, pronoun существительное, местоимение в любом падеже, кроме Именительного (с предлогом или без него) adjective, particle прилагательное, причастие, причастный оборот adverb, gerund наречие, деепричастие, деепричастный оборот flowers, on the table, in the box beautiful, high, clever, swimming in the pool often, never, very well Countable nouns Uncountable nouns It is possible to use words like one/ two/ three with such nouns. a computer two computers It is impossible to use one, two, three etc. with uncountable nouns directly, however we use words such as {a piece of, a glass of, a cup} a cup of tea, a bar of chocolate Countable can be singular or plural. a motherboard motherboards Uncountable nouns have only one form. data, capacity Countable nouns in singular form require {a, an}. a computer, an engineer Uncountable nouns don’t use {a, an} We use the word some with both countable (plural) and uncountable nouns. some computers, some hard disks, some video cards some data, some sugar, some cake, some money, some cheese Some words act as countable and uncountable depending on their meaning. a cake chickens; some cake; some cakes; a chicken some chicken; some a piece of cake. a piece of chicken . Some words are only in plural form scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, people, police etc. Some words are usually uncountable: Information, advice, weather, news, bread, furniture, work Some plurals don’t end in –s: a man men, a woman women, a tooth teeth a child children, a foot feet, a mouse mice also: one person two people Words that end with an s, sh, ch or x add es to their plural form. glass glasses match matches dish dishes box boxes Words that end with a constant + o often take es for plural. tomato tomatoes potato potatoes Words that end with vowel + o take only s in the plural form. radio radios Subject Pronouns: English Russian English Russian I я he он we мы she она you вы, ты it оно they они Object pronouns: English Russian English Russian me меня him его us нас her ее you тебя, вас it его them их Possessive pronouns: English Russian English Russian my, mine мое his, his его our, ours наше her, hers ее your, yours твое, ваше its, its его their, theirs их computer central processor flash memory hair monitor main memory eyebrow eyelashes mouse hard disc lip forehead keyboard compact disc teeth chin acoustic system digital video disc ear cheek printer video card eye nose scanner network card mouth tea mouse pad TV tuner tongue coffee good bad fat thin big small tall short full empty young old open closed wet dry hot cold new old happy sad fast slow high low rich poor hard soft expensive cheap Subject Pronoun Form of verb to BE I Am He She Is It We You They Are Subject Pronoun Form of verb to Have I We You Have They He She It Has Subject Pronoun Form of verb to Do I We You Do They He She It Does VERBS VERBS VERBS VERBS study read install calculate teach write launch record eat go view copy drink come browse paste Subject Pronoun Form of verb to BE I Am negative He She Is It not We You They Are Subject Pronoun Form of verb to Do negative verb not study read have* do* I We You Do They He She It Does Subject Pronoun Form of verb to BE Am I He Is She It We Are You They Subject Pronoun Form of verb to Do verb I Do We You They He Does She It study read have* do* The adjective is mentioned before the noun: They use a modern computer (not ‘a computer modern’). The ending of the adjective is always the same: a different monitor (not ‘differents’). The adjectives are much used in the following form: be (am / are / was etc.) + adjective You are tall. She is bright. The car is fast. The computer is a multitask device. The cell phone is small. We use adjectives after the verbs look/ feel/ smell/ taste/ sound + adjective You look tired. Yes, I feel tired. Don’t use that computer. It is infected with a malicious virus. Adverbs, tell you how something is happens or how somebody does something. The file is downloaded slowly. Windows works reliably. Your English is improving quickly. Usually, one must add (ly) to an adjective to get a corresponding adverb. quick quickly, slow slowly, bad badly, reliable reliably Some adverbs have a form different from the adjective of the similar meaning. good well Can you feel the difference? I have a quick computer. My computer is operating quickly. Study carefully the following examples: The price of her computer is 800$. The price of his computer is 900$. Her computer is cheaper. His computer is more expensive. It is possible to use (than) after comparison Her computer is cheaper than his computer. His computer is more expensive than hers. Notes the difference between the two examples (his computer) and (hers). One should add (–er) to short words of one syllable. old older fast faster slow slower big bigger small smaller One should add the word (more) before words that are longer than one syllable. careful more careful expensive more expensive complicated more complicated polite more polite We use (more than) and (less than) to give a mere judgment: A: Your computer cost 500$. B: No, more than that. I have more problems than you. For a more precise judgment we use the words (a bit / much) I am a bit taller than you. Our car is much better than their car. My computer is much more expensive than yours. When comparing many items, the one that stands farthest is usually marked in a superlative form. Usually, it is possible to obtain this form by adding (est) or most, and a (the) article must come before the word; old the oldest cheap the cheapest nice the nicest careful the most careful interesting the most interesting There are several rules regarding the word order if we follow them, our sentenced will be correct from the grammar point of view. verb + object, study the examples: He speaks English very well. (not ‘very well English’). Did you watch TV all evening? (not ‘watch all evening TV’). Paul often wears a black hat. (not ‘wears often’). If there is information regarding place and time, the order should be first place and only than time, for example: Ann walks to school everyday. (not ‘everyday to school’). I usually go to bed early. (not ‘early to bed’).