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Chapter 7: the past
continuous
The past continuous
• Statements
subject
Past of to
be
Verb + ing
Affirmative
He, she,
it, I
was
working
Negative
You, we,
they
were not
working
The past continuous
• Yes/ no questions
Past of to subject
be
Verb +
ing
affirmative negative
Was
He, she, working? Yes, she… No, she..
it, I
was
wasn’t
Were
We, you, working? Yes, they
they
were
No, they
weren’t
The past continuous
• Wh-question
What was she saying?
When was he running?
Wh-word + past of to be (was, were) +
subject + base verb-ing
The past continuous
• We use the past continuous for an action
that was already happening at a particular
time in the past.
He was sleeping at 10.00 yesterday.
While & when with past time
clauses
• Time clauses can go at the beginning or at the
end of a sentence. If it is at the beginning we
use a comma after it.
• A time clause alone is not a complete sentence.
We must use it with a main clause to form a
complete sentence.
 When Tony called, jenny was working at the
office.
 Incomplete sentence: when Tony called.
While & when with past time
clauses
• The verb in a while clause is always in the past
continuous
 A man crossed the street while he was driving.
OR While he was driving, a man crossed the
street.
Main clause
Time clause
A man crossed the street while he was driving.
Time clause
Main clause
While he was driving,
a man crossed the street
While & when with past time
clauses
• The verb in a when clause is often in the
simple past.
Main clause
Time clause
Jenny was working at the when Tony called.
office
Time clause
Main clause
When Tony called,
Jenny was working at the
office.
Section 8: the future tense
• To be going to:
• We use to be + going to + base verb :
to make predictions about the future.
to talk about our plans for the future.
We are going to buy a house next year.
8.1 To be going to
• Affirmative: I am going to eat.
• Negative: I am not going to eat.
• I am / he, she, it is / we, you, they are
• Yes/ no question: Are we going to eat? Is he
going to eat?
• Wh-question: When are you going to eat? What
is she going to eat?
8.2 Future time expressions
• We use future time expressions at the beginning
or at the end of the sentence. We use a comma
(,) after time expression when it is at the
beginning of the sentence.
next
tomorrow
in
Week
Month
Weekend
Summer
Friday
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
night
Ten:
minutes
hours
Weeks
Months
years
Other
expression
Soon
tonight
The day after
tomorrow
A week from
today / now
8.3 The present continuous as a
future tense
• We use the present continuous to talk about future
plans.
• We often use a time expression with the present
continuous.
• We use the present continuous with verbs of movement
like come, go, fly, travel, leave.
• we can use to be going to for future plans.
 Steve is going to leave New York in two hours.
 Steve is flying to New York in two hours.
The present continuous as a future
tense
• We cannot use the present continuous for
future predictions.
Correct: Look at those clouds. It is going to
rain soon.
Incorrect: Look at those clouds. It is
raining soon.
8.4 Will
Subject
I, you, he, she,
it, we, you,
they
Will (not)
will
will not
won’t
Base verb
go
Wh-word
will
subject
Base verb
What,
where,
when….
will
you, I, he,
they, ….
Stay?
8.4 Will
• Yes / no question:
Will he go?
Yes, he will. No, he won’t
• We use will for the future to make
predictions about what we think will
happen or when we decide to do
something at the moment of speaking.
8.5 May, might and will
• Possibility: we use may or might to talk about something
that it is possible now or in the future.
 I may / might go to Mexico next year.
 You may / might not have a problem with your computer.
• May & might have the same meaning. They both
express a possibility.
•
• We use may & might when we are not certain about
something.
 I may arrive late. (it is possible)
8.5 May, might and will
• We use will, to be going to, or the present
continuous when we are certain about
something.
 I will be late. (certain)
 He is not coming tonight. (we know that he won’t
come).
• Permission: we can use may to give refuse or
ask for permission.
 May I use your phone? You may not go early.
8.6 Future time clauses with
before, after, & when
• A future time clause can begin with before,
after& when.
Time clause (simple
present)
Before I go to bed,
Main clause (future)
When she goes to the
interview,
she will wear her new suit.
After we finish the test,
we will go home.
I will do my homework
8.6 Future time clauses with
before, after, & when
• We can put the time clause before or after
the main clause. They both have the same
meaning.
She will wear her new suit when she goes
to the interview.
When she goes to the interview, she will
wear her new suit.
8.7 Future conditional sentences
• We use future conditional sentences to say that one
situation in the future depends on another one.
 If I have time, I will visit you.
If clause (present)
If I have time,
If it is sunny,
Main clause (future)
I will see you.
we will go fishing.
• An if clause can come before or after the main clause.
The meaning is the same.
 If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go fishing.
 We will go fishing if the weather is nice tomorrow.
8.8 the simple present with time & if
clauses
• We use the simple present in both the
dependent clause and the main clause when:
 The action is habitual.
When I go to Mexico, I usually stay with my
grandmother.
 We are expressing something which is always
true.
If the temperature falls bellow zero, water turns to
ice.
13. Adjectives & adverbs
• Adjectives:
 Adjectives always come before nouns.
It is a beautiful day.
 Adjectives can also come after the verb to be.
The sky is blue. The air is clean.
 Adjectives have the same form for singular &
plural nouns
The white mountains are beautiful.
• Nouns:
Nouns can also be used to describe other
nouns.
The noun that describes another noun is
always singular, just like an adjective.
She is holding a coffee cup.
She is in the computer room.
13.2Word order of adjectives
1
opinion
2
size
3
age
4
5
colour material
6
nationality
It is a beautiful
large
old
red
Chinese
She
has
long
wooden
brown curly
box
hair
13.3 the same (as), similar (to),
different (from)
• A and B are the same.
• A is the same as B.
• A and B are similar.
• A is similar to B.
• A and B are different.
• A is different from B.
13.4 like & alike
• Like & alike have the same meaning.
• Like is a preposition
 The daughter is like the mother.
• Alike is an adjective.
 The mother and daughter are alike.
 The daughter’s nose is like her mother’s nose.
 The daughter’s and mother’s noses are alike.
13.5 Comparative form of
adjectives
• When we compare things we use comparative adjective
+ than
• One syllable add –er:
 Long / longer than
 Hot / hotter than
 Happy / happier than
• Two syllables:
 Difficult / more difficult than
 Expensive / more expensive than
•



Irregular adjectives:
Good / better than
Bad / worse than
Far / farther than
As..as, not as..as, less than
• We use as…as to show that 2 things or people are the
same in some way.
 Mark is as tall as Joe.
• We use not as…as to show that 2 things or people are
different in some way.
 Mark is not as tall as Joe.
 Mark is not as casual as Joe.
• We use less than with a long adjective. More than 2
syllables.
 Mark is less casual / intelligent than Joe.
• We don’t use less than with short adjectives or
adjectives ending in – y.
Superlative form of adjectives
• Vatican City is the smallest county in the world.
• Sue is the most intelligent of the three sisters.
adjective
comparative
superlative
1 syllable
Long
cheap
Longer than
Cheaper than
The longest
The cheapest
2 syllable+-y
Happy
heavy
Happier than
Heavier than
The happiest
The heaviest
2 or more syllable
Famous
difficult
More famous
More difficult
The most famous
The most difficult
Irregular adj.
Good
Bad
far
Better than
Worse than
Farther / further
than
The best
The worst
The farthest /
furthest
13.8 One of the most
• The Mona Lisa is one of the most famous
paintings in the world.
• One of the + superlative + plural noun
• It is one of the biggest shops in the city.
• He is one of the richest men in the world.
Adjectives & Adverbs
• An adjective describes a noun and can
usually answer the question What?
The car is red. What colour is the car?
• Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and
other adverbs. An adverb usually answers
the question How?
He paints beautifully. How does he paint?
Rules to form adverbs
adjectives
adverb
For most adverbs, we
add –ly to the adj.
Slow / quick
Beautiful
bad
Slowly / quickly
Beautifully
badly
If the adj. end with –y Happy / easy
change y to i then add
-ly
Happily
easily
Adverbs = adj
Hard / fast / late / early Hard / fast / late / early
Irregular adverbs
good
well
Comparative & superlative of
adverbs
• A snail moves more slowly than a tortoise.
Adverb
comparative
superlative
Ending in –ly
with more /
most
easily
slowly
carefully
more easily
more slowly
more carefully
The most easily
The most
slowly
The most
carefully
Adverbs = adj.
Fast / hard
early
Faster / harder
earlier
The fastest
The hardest
The earliest
irregular
Well / bad
Better
worse
The best
The worst
13.11 As..as with adverbs
• When things are the same, we put as/as before and after
the adverb.
 She works as fast as a machine.
• We can also follow as + adverb + as + subject + verb to
do OR models like can/ could
 He worked as fast as I did.
 He worked as fast as he could.
• We use the negative form not as..as to show things are
not the same.
 Alex doesn't study as hard as Mike does.