* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Grammar - tnschools.gov.in
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Tagalog grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
GOVT. OF TAMILNADU DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION BRIDGE COURSE 2011-2012 CLASS VIII – ENGLISH GRAMMAR EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns Interjections Adjectives Conjunctions KINDS OF NOUNS Common Nouns boy girl Singular Nouns boy girl Singular Possessive boy’s girl’s Proper Nouns John Mary Plural Nouns boys girls Plural Possessive boys’ girls’ EVERY SENTENCE MUST HAVE a KINDS OF VERBS Action verbs express mental or physical action. He rode the horse to victory. Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. He has been sick. Verb is a word which expresses action or being. A linking verb joins the subject and predicate of a sentence. examples of linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been example of a linking verb in a sentence: Jamie was at the park. A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more n It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, one, etc. Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Answers these question Did you lose your address book? Is that a woollen sweater? Just give me five minutes. Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questio He ran quickly. She left yesterday. We went there. It was too hot! To what degree or how Interrogative Adverbs introduce questions How did you break your leg? How often do you run? Where did you put the mouse trap? EXAMPLES She moved quietly. (Manner and tell how) I waited there for an hour. (Place and tell where) You may leave soon. (Time, tells when) I called you once. (Number, tells how many) He sat very still. (Degree, tells how much) When will you return? How is the trunk being sent? A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentenc as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object. They received a postcard from Bobby tellin about his trip to Canada. The preposition never stands alone object of prepositio preposition object You can press those leaves under glass. can have more than one object Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good ne object can have modifiers It happened during the last examination. Some Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughou to toward under underneat until up upon with within without FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE RIGHT WORDS CHOOSING FROM THE WORDS GIVEN IN BRACKETS The kings ____________ was away by the angry courtiers. (thrown; throne) The soldier drew his ___________ . (sword; soared) The boy __________ a pencil away. (through; threw) The rabbit could not push its body through the little __________. (whole; hole) The sailor took the boat and went ____________ to the island. (strait; straight) Since the tourists slept long they could not enjoy the _______ in the morning. (missed; mist) The old lady was very _________. (week; weak) He went to join a __________ in a university. (course/coarse) 1. STATEMENT HE SAID HE SAID TO ME HE TOLD ME THAT REPORTED WORDS STATEMENT EXAMPLE DIRECT They said to me: “we are going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.” Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today. Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last night. INDIRECT They said to me that they were going to visit Borobudur the following day. Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day. Anne told Agus that her father had got angry with her the night before. HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE COMMAND EXAMPLE INDIRECT DIRECT The teacher asked me: Open your book page 65!” Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”! “Ronny told him: “call me tonight! The teacher asked me to open my book page 65. Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper. Ronny told him to call him that night. HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT B. WH- QUESTION EXAMPLE INDIRECT DIRECT The girl asked me: “Where Do you come from?” My father asked my brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last night?” Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite movie star? The girl asked me where I came from. My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home late the night before Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was COMPOSITION POETRY COMPREHENSION There lived a sage in days of yore And he a handsome pigtail wore; But wondered much, and sorrowed more, Because it hung behind him. He mused upon this curious case, And swore he’d change the pigtail’s place And have it hanging at his face, Not dangling there behind him. Says he, “The mystery, I’ve found - I’ll turn me round” -- he turned him around; But still it hung behind him. Then round, and round, and out and in, All day the puzzled sage did spin; In vain -- it mattered not a pin- The pigtail hung behind him. And right and left, and round about, And up and down, and in and out, He turned; but still the pigtail stout Hung steadily behind him. And though his efforts never slack, And though he twist, and twirl, and tack, Alas! Still faithful to his back, QUESTIONS Why was the sage sad? How did he plan to solve his problem? Describe his efforts to achieve his goal. Did the sage finally succeed? Why? Pick out the words of movement in this poem. LETTER WRITING The recent rains have really damaged the roads in your area. Write a letter of complaint to the editor of ‘The Mail,’ asking him to publish your letter in his newspaper. You are a family of twelve members. You have recently moved into a new house in Anna Nagar. Place an order for a few basic needs from ‘Madarsha Textiles’, Chennai. STORY TELLING – TESTING OF ORAL SKILL Here is the beginning of a story. Develop it into an interesting story in about 200 words. Give a suitable title: Alice woke up that cold winter morning and looked out of the window ………………………. PLEASE DESCRIBE AND COMMENT ON THE SITUATION IN THE PICTURE BELOW STORY TELLING – TESTING OF ORAL SKILL TESTING OF VOCABULARY SKILL COMPLETE THE CONVERSATION COMPOSITION FLYING A KITE NEAR OVERHEAD POWER LINES Question: Why is this not a good place to fly a kite? Discussion: What are the dangers of flying a kite near overhead power lines? If the girl in the picture let go of her kite and it became entangled in the overhead power lines, what should she do? Activity: Draw and discuss what might happen next. If the girl was hurt, what would you do? If you saw someone playing with a kite near overhead power lines, what would you do? OVERHEAD POWER LINES Question: What do these pieces of equipment do? Discussion: Why are overhead power lines dangerous? How would you keep yourself and others safe if you were here? What activities are dangerous to do near overhead power lines? Activity: Write a do’s and don’ts list to help someone else stay safe near overhead power lines. EXPAND THE FOLLOWING PROVERBS IN ABOUT 150 WORDS All that glitters is not gold. Empty vessels make the most noise.