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GRAMMAR STUDY-4 Prepared by KARTIKA NOEZ GERUND AND INFINITIVE • GERUND the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund can function as the subject, object, or complement in a sentence. A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition. Swimming is fun Subject I like swimming Object Unlike swimming, golf is boring O of Prep. My favorite sport is swimming Complement Cont’d • Some verbs are followed by gerunds, not by infinitives. Below is a list of some of the more common verbs followed by gerunds. Admit Anticipate Appreciate Avoid Complete Consider Delay Deny Discuss Dislike Enjoy Finish Keep Mention Mind Miss Postpone Practice Recall Recollect Recommend Resent Resist Risk Suggest Tolerate Understand Cont’d • INFINITIVES to+ the base form of a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitives and infinitive phrases used as nouns can function as subjects, objects, or complements.HOWEVER, INFINITIVE CANNOT FUNCTION AS OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION. To be here is a pleasure (as a subject) I like to be here (as an object) My wish is to be here (as a complement) He is a good friend to have (as an adjective) I was sorry to see him leave (as an adverb) You need flour to make bread (as an adverb) *) infinitives often have the meaning of in order to, as in the last sample sentence above. This sentence could be rewritten, In order to make bread, you need flour. Cont’d • Some verbs are followed by infinitives, not by gerunds. Below is a list of some of the more common verbs that are followed by infinitives. Afford Agree Allow* Appear Arrange Ask Beg Care Cause* Challenge* Claim Consent Convince Dare decide Demand Deserve Encourage* Expect Fail Forbid* Force* Hesitate Hire Hope Instruct* Invite* Learn Manage mean Need Offer Order* Permit* Persuade* Plan Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Remind* Require* Seem Struggle swear Teach* Tell* Threaten Urge* Volunteer Wait Want Warn* Wish *NOTE: These verbs are normally followed by a (pro)noun plus infinitive combination (e.g. She warned us to be careful) Cont’d • ADJECTIVES COMMONLY FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES Sometimes adjectives are commonly followed by infinitives not gerunds. Below is a list of some of the more common adjectives that are followed by infinitives. Afraid Amazed Anxious Ashamed Astonished Careful Content Delighted Determined disappointed Eager Fortunate Glad Happy Hesitant Honored Lucky Motivated Pleased prepared Proud Ready Relieved Reluctant Sad Shocked Sorry Stunned Surprised Upset Willing CONFUSING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS • ALIKE (adjective) / (UN)LIKE (preposition) ALIKE is an adjective used to show similarity between two or more noun structures. It usually follows the noun structures it describes. (UN)LIKE means not like and is a preposition which must be followed by an object. My brother and my sister are very much alike. Like my brother, my sister enjoys playing chess. • ALMOST (adv) / MOST (adj) The adverb ALMOST means approximately or nearly, and is used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. The adjective MOST means the greatest number or part, and is used to describe noun structures. Almost all of the students will come to class tomorrow Most students like this class • AMOUNT (noun)/ NUMBER (noun)/QUANTITY (noun) AMOUNT and QUANTITY refer to uncountable nouns. NUMBER refers to countable nouns. Cont’d A great amount of work is yet to be done A number of students want to stay here during spring break A great quantity of work is yet to be done • ANOTHER (adj)/ OTHER (adj)/ OTHERS (pronoun) The adjective ANOTHER is used with single, countable, and indefinite nouns. OTHER is used with singular, plural, and uncountable definite nouns. OTHERS ia a plural pronoun (not found with a noun) I would like another piece of pie Please show me some other shoes Jack and Fred are here. Where are the others? • DO (verb)/ MAKE (verb) DO often means to complete or to perform. MAKE often means to create, to construct, or to produce. I make all of my own clothes. She did her homework at the last minute. Cont’d • LAY (verb)/LIE (verb) to LAY means to put or to place and can be followed by a direct object. To LIE often means to repose. In this meaning, to LIE cannot be followed by an object, These two verbs are confusing because some of their principal parts are the same form. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Present Participle lay laid laid laying lie lay lain lying Yesterday, he laid his hat on the table (to lay) Yesterday, he lay in bed all day. (to lie) • LIE (verb)/LIE (verb) to LIE can have two meanings. It can mean To repose or it can mean not to tell the truth. Some of the principal parts for these two meanings are different. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Present Participle lie lay lain lying lie lied lied lying Yesterday, he lay in bed all day. (to lie) Yesterday, he lied to me about the money. Cont’d • NO (adj)/ NOT (adv)/NONE (pronoun) The adj NO makes a noun structure negative. The adverb NOT makes a verb negative. NONE is a negative pronoun. There were no cookies in the jar He is not jogging this week because it is too hot outdoors. I wanted a cookie, but there were none. • RAISE (verb)/ RISE (verb) To RAISE means to lift and can be followed by a direct object. To RISE means to go up or to ascend, and cannot be followed by a direct object. If you have a question, please raise your hand Warm air rises. ADVERBS Adv. that limit Adv, of speed Adv. That reflect how often Adv. That show how well sth. is done Adv. Degree and effort Adv. that show in what way sth. was done Scarcely Hardly Barely Merely roughly Quickly Hastily Promptly Slowly Constantly Steadily Regularly Occasionally Periodically Annually Daily weekly Correctly Effectively Efficiently Concisely Precisely sloppily Ultimately Urgently Marginally Enormously mildly Frankly Explicitly Typically Willingly NOTE: the blue font adverbs are not derived from ADJECTIVE + LY