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Past Tense Preterite Imperfect Preterite vs Imperfect Preterite conjugation Regular Verb Endings: ___-ar__ _ -é -amos -aste -asteis -ó -aron ____-er/-ir___ -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron Preterite conjugation Irregular Yo Yo spelling changes: -car -gar -zar -qué -gué -cé Otros verbos –car acercarse (to come near, approach) buscar (to look for) arrancar (to pull out, start (engine) chocar (to crash) colocar (to place, put) complicar (to complicate) comunicar (to communicate) criticar (to criticize, critique) dedicar (to dedicate, devote) educar (to educate) embarcarse (to board, go on board) marcar (to dial, mark) equivocarse (to make a mistake) masticar (to chew) fabricar (to make, manufacture) pescar (to fish) justificar (to justify, give a reason for) platicar (to chat) practicar (to practice) secar (to dry) explicar (to explain) sacar (to take out, remove, receive [grades]) Otros verbos –gar agregar (to add) ahogarse (to drown) apagar (to turn off) cargar (to carry, load) castigar (to punish) despegar (to take off, peel off) pagar (to pay) pegar (to hit, glue) tragar (to swallow) llegar (to arrive) encargar (to put in charge, order [goods]) Stem changers colgar (ue) (to hang up) fregar (ie) to wash dishes, scrub) negar (ie) (to deny) regar (ie) (to water plants) jugar (ue) (to play a game, sports) rogar (ue) (to beg) Otros verbos –zar almorzar (to eat lunch) abrazar (to hug) aterrizar (to land) cruzar (to cross) comenzar (ie) (to begin) empezar (ie) (to begin) especializarse en (to specialize in, major in) garantizar (to guarantee) gozar (to enjoy) lanzar (to throw) rezar (to pray) realizar (to carry out, attain, realize) tranquilizar (to calm down) tropezar (ie) (to trip, stumble) utilizar (to use, make use of) Preterite Irregular Conjugation -uve group andar- to walk – tener- to have – anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvisteis, anduvieron tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron estar- to be – estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron Preterite Irregular Conjugation I group hacer- to do, to make – venir- to come – hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron querer- to want – quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron Preterite Irregular Conjugation J group traer- to bring – decir- to have – traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron traducir- to translate (all -ucir verbs like conducir to drive) – traduje, tradujiste, tradujo, tradujimos, tradujisteis, tradujeron Preterite Irregular Conjugation supe, pu-, pu- group saber- to know – poner- to put – supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron poder- to be able – pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron Preterite Irregular Conjugation Other Verbs caber- to fit – cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cupieron satisfacer– satisfice, satisficiste, satisfizo, satisficimos, satisficisteis, satisficieron Preterite Irregular Conjugation Ser- to be and ir- to go. (You know which verb it is by using context of the sentence) fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron Dar and Ver dar- to give di dimos diste disteis dio dieron ver- to see vi vimos viste visteis vio vieron Preterite Stem Changers Stem changes occur in –ir verbs only. Stem changes occur in él/ella/Ud. and ellos/ellas/Uds only. Stem changes are: – – e o i u Preterite Stem Changers sentir (ei, i) (to feel) advertir (ei, i) (to warn) convertir (ei, i) (to convert) convertirse (ei, i) (to become) divertir (ei, i) (to amuse) mentir (ei, i) (to lie) divertirse (ei, i) (to amuse oneself) preferir (ei, i) (to prefer) sentir (ei, i) (to feel, be sorry) sentirse (ei, i) (to feel) dormir (ue, u) (to sleep) morir (ue, u) (to die) dormirse (ue, u) (to fall asleep) Preterite Stem Changers servir (i, i) (to serve) repetir (i, i) (to repeat) despedir (i, i) (to fire someone) pedir (i, i) (to ask for, request) conseguir (i, i) (to get, obtain) vestirse (i, i) (to dress oneself) despedirse de (i, i) (to say good-bye to) medir (i, i) (to measure) seguir (i, i) (to continue) vestir (i, i) (to dress) reír (i, i) (to smile) sonreír (i, i) (to laugh) freír (i, i) (to fry) Preterite conjugation i to y change (not –uir) Verbs that end in –er or –ir whose stem ends in a vowel, change i to y in the 3rd person forms, él/ella/Ud. and ellos/ellas/Uds only. leer leí leíste leyó leímos leistéis leyeron caerse (to fall down), creer (to believe), oír (to hear), poseer (to posess) Preterite conjugation -uir verbs (not –guir verbs) Verbs ending in –uir also change i to y. (Note: there are no accents on tú, nosotros, y vosotros) concluir- (to conclude) concluí concluimos concluiste concluisteis concluyó concluyeron Preterite conjugation Other –uir Verbs atribuir (to attribute) construir (to build) contribuir (to contribute) distribuir (to distribute) huir (to flee) incluir (to include) Translation The English Translation for the preterite is: Yo hablé- I spoke Preterite Trigger Words: ayer una vez entonces cuando hace # años que ... la semana pasada el mes/año pasado anteayer luego de repente anoche Preterite Uses: Specific Action Happened Once Specific Point in Time Sequential Actions Narration (AKA telling a story) Interrupting Action Beginning or End of an action in past Imperfect Regular Verb Endings: __-ar__ -aba -ábamos -abas -abais -aba -aban -er/-ir_ _ -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ían Imperfect 3 irregular verbs: __ir__ iba íbamos ibas ibais iba iban __ser__ era éramos eras erais era eran __ver__ veía veíamos veías veíais veía veían Imperfect Translation The English Translation for the imperfect is: Yo hablaba- I used to speak I was speaking I would speak I spoke Imperfect Trigger Words: algunas veces muchas veces a menudo frecuentemente mientras cada (día, año, etc.) generalmente todos los días siempre a veces de vez en cuando los lunes/los martes Imperfect Uses: Repeated Action Continuous Action Habitual Actions (aka “Used to”) Descriptions/ Physical Appearance/ Emotional State Background Info Day/Date/Weather/Age 2 Actions Occurring at the Same Time An ongoing action interrupted by another action (2nd action is preterite) Comparing Usage Preterite Specific Action Happened Once Specific Point in Time Sequential Actions Narration (AKA telling a story) Interrupting Action Beginning or End of an action in past Imperfect Repeated Action Continuous Action Habitual Actions (aka “Used to”) Descriptions/ Physical Appearance/ Emotional State Background Info Day/Date/Weather/Age 2 Actions Occurring at the Same Time An ongoing action interrupted by another action (2nd action is preterite) Preterite vs Imperfect: verbs that change meaning Verb Preterite Imperfect Conocer Conocí- I met (to know a person or place) Conocía- I knew saber Supe- I found out (to know a fact or how to do something) Sabía- I knew pensar (to think) Pensaba- I thought Pensé- It dawned on me I realized poder Pude- I managed (to be able, can) Podía- I could I was able Preterite vs Imperfect: verbs that change meaning Verb Preterite Imperfect no poder (to not be able) No pude- I couldn´t (failed to) No podía- I couldn´t (a specific effort and (No reference to specific failure implied) effort or failure) querer (to want) Quise- I tried Quería- I wanted no querer (to not want) No quise- I refused No quería- I didn´t want to tener (to have) Tuve- I got Tenía- I had Preterite vs Imperfect: verbs that change meaning Verb Preterite tener que (to have to...) Tuve que...- I had to... costar (to cost) Costó- It cost (and I bought it Imperfect Tenía que...- I was supposed to... Costaba- It cost (implies that I didn´t buy it)