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Classical Antiquity (Greek & Roman Art & Culture) Barbier AVI20 Greek Theatre ► Scholars often say that the ancient Greeks invented theatre ► Theatre began as a ritual to the Greek god Dionysus (god of fertility and harvest) ► Eventually moved toward performance for entertainment ► Thespis - first Greek actor - where we get the term thespian (actor) Greek Music ► Pythagorus - inventor of scales - found that string of different lengths made different sounds/pitches ► Pictures on Greek art show various string and wood instruments Greek Art ► Geometric Period ► Orientalizing Period ► Archaic Period ► Early Classical Period ► High Classical Period ► Late Classical Period ► Hellenistic Period 900-700 BCE 700-600 BCE 600-480 BCE 480-450 BCE 400-320 BCE 400-320 BCE 320-30 BCE Greek Art ► Art emphasized beauty, perfection (idealism) ► Humanism - more emphasis on human rather than religious values Previous ancient culture, such as the Egyptians, did everything for their gods with an emphasis on the afterlife Greeks wanted to study the here and now - the human body, nature Greek Art ► The human being was placed at the center of Greek culture. ► Proportion, balance and unity were key Greek ideals. ► The human body was considered beautiful and perfectly proportioned. Archaic Period ► The sculpture of a young man was called a Kouros ► Figures are stylized (did not represent real people) ► Left foot is slightly forward ► Both arms are held stiffly at their sides ► The mouth is set in a faint smile (Archaic smile) Statue of a Youth, Kouros, about 600 BCE. Marble, 76” (193 cm) high. Late Archaic Period ► He really stands; his back leg is not bound to a block for balance ► Right hip drops downward and inward ► Relaxed and naturalistic ► Archaic smile is gone ► Contrapposto (the engaged leg is in the forward position) Kritios Boy, about 480 BCE. Marble, 34” (86 cm) high Classical Period ► Female figure called a Kore ► Idealized young girl ► Shows realistic features ► Very natural folds in her dress ► Painted to appear more natural ► Braided hair and the hint of an Archaic smile Charioteer of Delphi, about 470 BCE. Bronze, 71” (180 cm) high. Classical Period ► The artist wanted to show action and movement ► The original did not have a support ► The artist has captured a moment in time ► Little emotion in the face ► Pose is unnatural for a human Discus Thrower, about 450 BCE. Roman marble copy of an original bronze. Classical Period ► Sculpture in the round ► Dedicated to the birth of Athena ► Wet drapery which clings to the body ► These folds create visual movement Three Goddesses, about 435 BCE. Marble, over life-size, east pediment of the Parthenon Hellenistic Period ► Anguished faces ► Three sculptors worked on this ► Lacoon was a Trojan priest who warned the people not to accept the Trojan horse ► The gods retaliated against him and sent snakes to kill him and his sons Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athanadros of Rhodes, Lacoon and His Sons, 2nd century or 1st century BCE. 95 ½” (242 cm) Hellenistic Period ► The Victory Goddess landing on a ship. ► Body is thrust forward. ► Her garment is fluttering behind her. ► She looks like an angel. Nike of Samothrace, about 190 BCE. Marble, 8’ (244 cm) high. Greek Gods ► The Greeks gave their gods human form. ► The most powerful and famous of these was Zeus. ► Other famous gods and goddesses Apollo, Aphrodite, Athena, Hades, and Poseidon. Zeus Greek Gods and Architecture ► In their dedication to these gods, they would dedicate buildings/art to them. ► Greek goal- to lead a perfect life which meant doing what the gods wanted them to. Parthenon- dedicated to goddess of war- athena Greek Architecture ► Most Greek architecture was focused around temples. ► Since the public was generally not allowed to enter temples, architects designed impressive exteriors. ► ► ► Early temples were built using brick or wood With success in the economy more expensive materials were imported such as limestone and marble Greek temples were built on the post and lintel system (see stone henge) Post and Lintel ► Greek buildings used Post and Lintel style architecture Greek Architecture ► Greek Architecture still influences architecture today. They introduced us to the three orders of column capitals ►3 types of columns Doric Ionic Corinthian Doric Columns ► Archaic Doric temple ► Heavy columns that bulge and taper at the top. ► Capitals are huge and flat. The Basilica (Temple of Hera) About 550 BCE. Paestum, Italy Ionic Columns This temple was dedicated to Athena the goddess of war ► A low wall called a parapet (wall-like barrier at the edge of a roof) originally surrounded it ► It is an amphiprostyle temple (columns at each end but not along the side) ► There is a porch on both ends ► Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike, about 425 BCE. The Acropolis Athena Caryatids Six maidens make up the columns (Caryatids) ► Illusion of thin form fitting drapery ► The artist used their hair to support their necks ► Contraposto pose (human figure standing with most of their weight on one foot) ► The Porch of the Maidens, the Erechtheum, about 421-405 BCE. Marble. The Acropolis Athens Corinthian Columns ► The towering columns are crowned with decorative capitals of acanthus leaves. ► Corinthian columns ► It is decorative and graceful ► Only a small portion remains today Cossutius, Temple of the Olympian Zeus, about 174 BC-2nd century AD. Athens Greek Vases ► Vases and pottery were very frequent (a functional vessel but also artistic) ► Earliest Greek vases were decorated with bands of simple geometric patterns ► With time, artists added figures and the most advanced ones became more lifelike and story oriented Black on Red ► This is black figure style ► Artist signed his name on the work ► The figures and animals are beautifully designed, and executed with exquisite technique Exekias, Black-Figured Amphora, about 530 BCE. 24” (61 cm) high. Red on Black ►A large jug for carrying water from the community fountain ► The background is now painted black ► Perspective is shown by having some figures higher than others Meidias, Red-Figured Hyddria, about 410 BCE. 20 1/2#” (52 cm) high.