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Transcript
About the Presentations • The presentations cover the objectives found in the opening of each chapter. • All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of each presentation. • You may customize the presentations to fit your class needs. • Some figures from the chapters are included. A complete set of images from the book can be found on the Instructor Resources disc. Linux Operations and Administration Chapter One Introduction to the Linux Operating System Objectives • Summarize the functions of an operating system • Identify key historical points in the development of Linux • Explain the components of the Linux architecture and features of the operating system Linux Operations and Administration 3 Overview of Operating System Functions • Linux – Practical alternative to more costly Windows and Macintosh operating systems – Includes: • • • • • Graphical desktop Web browser E-mail Sound and video Any other feature that Windows has to offer Linux Operations and Administration 4 Software Licensing Agreements • User does not actually own the software – Only granted a license to use it • Table 1-1 – Licensing terms • Open source – Software distributed with its source code – Users can view or modify it • All Linux versions are open source • Source code – Instructions defining how a program works Linux Operations and Administration 5 Software Licensing Agreements (cont’d.) Table 1-1 Licensing agreement terms Linux Operations and Administration 6 Software Licensing Agreements (cont’d.) • Linux kernel licensed under General Public License (GPL) • Activity 1-1: Reviewing Licensing Agreements – Examine the licensing agreement of an application of your choice and compare it with the GPL Linux Operations and Administration 7 Functions of an Operating System • Operating system – Software that’s designed to control hardware – Provides an interface between computer hardware and software • Kernel – Performs the most basic computing functions • Table 1-2 – Summarizes common OSs Linux Operations and Administration 8 Functions of an Operating System (cont’d.) Table 1-2 Features of common operating systems Linux Operations and Administration 9 Functions of an Operating System (cont’d.) • Most OSs include: – User interface • Graphical user interface (GUI) – Enables users to interact with computers by using graphical elements, such as menus and buttons • Command-line interface (CLI) – Users communicate with the computer by typing commands Linux Operations and Administration 10 Functions of an Operating System (cont’d.) – File systems • Find and access files – Device drivers • Control hardware devices – System services • Run in the background and carry out applicationrelated tasks Linux Operations and Administration 11 History of Linux • American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) – By 1969, 90% of American homes had AT&T phone service – Testing and research conducted at Bell Laboratories • UNIX operating system – Created at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson – Many professors began using it for testing and research in university labs Linux Operations and Administration 12 History of Linux (cont’d.) • In early 1980s, AT&T decided to license UNIX and charge institutions a hefty price to use it • Richard Stallman – Created the GNU Project – Developed the GPL – Believes software should be free Linux Operations and Administration 13 History of Linux (cont’d.) • GPL – You can use, view, and change the source code – You are able to redistribute the software and sell it for a profit – If you decide to sell the software, you must make the source code available • MINIX – Created by Andrew Tanenbaum to teach students how to use an OS – Source code made available to everybody Linux Operations and Administration 14 History of Linux (cont’d.) • Linus Torvalds – Created his own kernel in 1991 – Called the Linux kernel – Licensed through the GPL • Many different versions (distributions) – – – – – – Red Hat (www.redhat.com) Ubuntu (www.ubuntu.com) Debian (www.debian.org) PCLinuxOS (http://pclinuxos.com) FreeBSD (www.freebsd.org) openSUSE (www.novell.com/linux) Linux Operations and Administration 15 History of Linux (cont’d.) Table 1-3 Linux timeline Linux Operations and Administration 16 Overview of SUSE • Developed in Germany in 1992 – By Hubert Mantel, Burchard Steinbild, Roland Dyroff, and Thomas Fehr • Acronym for “Software und System Entwicklung” – Software and System Development • Top Linux seller in Europe • Sold to Novell for $210 million Linux Operations and Administration 17 Overview of SUSE (cont’d.) • OpenSUSE – Comes with the Linux kernel and the latest versions of two desktop environments KDE and GNOME • Yet another Setup Tool (YaST) – Configuration tool that enables administrators to install and manage software Linux Operations and Administration 18 Linux Architecture • Modular system – All components are separate from one another – Makes it possible for different teams to develop components that don’t affect one another • Linux distribution – Consists of all the Linux components put together and released as one OS Linux Operations and Administration 19 Figure 1-1 Components of the Linux architecture ©Cengage Learning 2013 Linux Operations and Administration 20 Linux Architecture (cont’d.) • Kernel – Core of the OS – Manages hardware, such as disk drives and memory • Shell – Interface that accepts and translates user input so that the kernel can process it • Daemons – Programs that run in the background independently of the user – Called services in Windows Linux Operations and Administration 21 Linux Architecture (cont’d.) • Applications – Programs that require an OS to run – Give users a specific function, such as wordprocessing programs, media players, etc. Linux Operations and Administration 22 Kernel • Linux kernel – Licensed under the GPL – Allows public access to the source code • Resource manager – Manages processes and memory – Can perform multiple processes at the same time • Process – Program the kernel launches into memory for the purpose of performing specific tasks Linux Operations and Administration 23 Kernel (cont’d.) • Random access memory (RAM) – Storage space where a computer reads and writes data – Considered “volatile” storage • Data stored there is erased when the computer shuts down • Demand paging – Load only needed sections of a program into RAM Linux Operations and Administration 24 Linux Desktop Environments • Desktop environments available in openSUSE – – – – K Desktop Environment (KDE) GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME) Very similar Differ mainly in the programming language used to write them Linux Operations and Administration 25 Figure 1-2 The KDE interface in openSUSE ©Cengage Learning 2013 Linux Operations and Administration 26 Figure 1-3 The GNOME interface in openSUSE ©Cengage Learning 2013 Linux Operations and Administration 27 Linux File Structure • Organized in a hierarchical, treelike structure • Top level – Root directory – Indicated with the / symbol • Everything in Linux is considered a file – Device files – “Regular” files – Directory files Linux Operations and Administration 28 Linux File Structure (cont’d.) • Device file – Special file stored in the /dev directory – Represents a hardware device on the system • Regular files – Files containing data • Directory file – Like a folder in Windows – Can contain files and other directories Linux Operations and Administration 29 Features of Linux • Multiuser – Enables multiple users to log on to a single computer at the same time • Multitasking – Multiple processes can run simultaneously • Preemptive multitasking – Scheduler decides when a process stops and another process starts Linux Operations and Administration 30 Features of Linux (cont’d.) • Networking connectivity – Uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • Internationally accepted set of rules for connecting computers to the Internet and most other networks • Security – Login and password authentication – File ownership and permissions – Firewall for protecting network resources from users outside the network Linux Operations and Administration 31 Command Shells Available in Linux • Shell – Command-line interface between users and the kernel • Used by administrators for more advanced configuration tasks • Table 1-4 – Summarizes common Linux shells – Stored in the /bin directory Linux Operations and Administration 32 Command Shells Available in Linux (cont’d.) Table 1-4 Common shells in Linux Linux Operations and Administration 33 Summary • All Linux distributions – Open source and licensed under the General Public License (GPL) • Linux distributions – Include graphical desktop environment, a Web browser, e-mail, sound, video, and networking capability – Comparable with rival operating systems • Kernel – Performs the most basic computing functions Linux Operations and Administration 34 Summary (cont’d.) • Main user interfaces – Graphical user interface (GUI) – Command-line interface • GNU Project – Protest against licensing UNIX as a for-profit software product • Linux architecture – Kernel, shell, applications, GUI, and desktop environment Linux Operations and Administration 35