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High and Late Middle
Ages
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Monarchs, Nobles, and
the Church
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Monarchs begin to
centralize power.
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Organize government
bureaucracies
Developed tax systems
Built standing armies.
Monarchs
Create ties with the
townspeople of the middle
class.
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Townspeople, support
Monarchs
Trade increases
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William the Conquer –
From France
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Was promised the throne by
King Edward.
William raised an army and
won the backing of the pope.
At the Battle of Hastings,
William and his Norman
knights triumphed over
Harold. – Ed’s Brother-in-Law
Became king of England on
Christmas Day 1066.
Blended Norman French and
Anglo-Saxon customs,
languages, and traditions.
Granted large amounts of
land to himself
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King Henry II
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Expanded accepted customs
into law and sent justices out
to enforce these royal laws.
The decisions of the royal
courts became the foundation
of English common law, a
legal system based on custom
and court rulings.
Common law applied to all of
England.
In time, people brought their
disputes to royal courts rather
than to those of nobles or the
Church.
Jury system developed.
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The World in 1050
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Western Europe was
emerging from a period of
isolation
The religion of Islam had
given rise to a brilliant
civilization that stretched
from Spain to India
India East Asia, and West
Africa were building the great
trading empire.
Byzantine - prosperous and
united. I
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The Crusades
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Goal – Recapture the Holy
Land – Make Pilgrimage safe.
Only the First Crusade came
close to achieving its goals.
Christian knights captured
Jerusalem in 1099.
They capped their victory with
a massacre of Muslim and
Jewish residents of the city.
The Crusades continued, off
and on, for over 200 years.
Muslims recapture Jerusalem
which leads to the 3rd Crusade
Saladin did reopen the holy
city to Christian pilgrims
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Pope Urban II
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The Byzantine
emperor asked Pope
Urban II for Christian
knights to help him
fight the Muslim Turks
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Impact of the
Crusades
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The Crusades breed
religious hatred.
Jews, Christians, and
Muslims committed
violence through
Europe and the Middle
East.
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European economies
expand
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Trade increased and
expanded because
of the traveling
knights.
Merchants use their
fleets to carry
goods instead of
Crusaders to and
from Middle East.
The Crusades
further encouraged
the growth of a
money economy.
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Effects on Monarchs and
the Church
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The Crusades helped to
increase the power of
monarchs.
Enthusiasm for the
Crusades brought papal
power to its greatest
height.
Crusades did not end the
split between the Roman
and Byzantine churches as
Pope Urban had hoped.
Constantinople was
conquered and looted in
the Fourth Crusade by
Western Crusaders
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Worldview Evolves
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Marco Polo, set out for
China.
Returned to Venice and
wrote a book about the
wonders of Chinese
civilization.
In the 1400s, a desire to
trade directly with India
and China would lead
Europeans to a new age of
exploration
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King John
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Lost a war with Philip
II and had to give up
lands in France.
John rejected the
pope’s nominee for
archbishop of
Canterbury, the pope
excommunicated him.
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The Magna Carta
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John upset the nobles
taxes.
1215, a group of
barons forced John to
sign the Magna
Carta, or great
charter.
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Magna Carta
1. Nobles had certain rights will be extended to all
English citizens.
2.The monarch must obey
the law.
3. habeas corpus - the
principle that no person
can be held in prison
without first being charged
with a specific crime.
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The Development of
Parliament
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English rulers often called
on the Great Council for
advice. -Evolved into
Parliament
House of Lords – Lords and
Clergy
House of Commons knights and middle class
citizens
Parliament gained the right
to approve any new taxes.
Parliament could limit the
power of the monarch
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The Capetian Kings
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Nobles elected Hugh Capet, to
fill French throne.
Thought he would be a weak
king.
Capetian King they made the
throne hereditary
Added to their Lands –
Destroyed Noble Power
Won the support of the
Church.
Created a bureaucracy.
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Government officials
collected taxes
Imposed royal law
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Philip Augustus
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Paid middle-class officials
to fill government positions
instead of nobles. – More
loyal
Philip gained control of
English-ruled lands in
Normandy and Anjou. –
From King John
Philip had become the
most powerful ruler in
Europe
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Louis IX
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persecuted heretics
and Jews
Led French knights in
two Crusade, against
Muslims.
By the time of his
death in 1270, France
was emerging as an
efficient centralized
monarchy
Forming the Estates General
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This body had
representatives from all
three estates, or classes
of French society: clergy,
nobles, and townspeople.
never controlled the
money of France
(Parliament)
Holy Roman Empire
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Conflicts had arisen
between secular rulers
and Church officials.
The longest and most
destructive struggle
pitted popes against
the rulers of the Holy
Roman Empire, who
ruled vast lands from
Germany to Italy.
Otto I
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Worked closely with
the Church.
Appointed bishops to
top government jobs.
helped the pope
defeat rebellious
Roman nobles.
Crowned by the Pope
Called Holy Roman
emperor
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
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Pope banned the practice
of lay investiture.
Emperors could not
appointed install bishops in
office.
Gregory excommunicated
Henry.
Henry repents his sins to
the Pope
Took revenge on Gregory
by leading an army to
Rome and forcing the pope
into exile
Concordat of Worms
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This treaty declared
that the Church had
the sole power to elect
and invest bishops
with spiritual
authority.
The emperor, however,
still invested them
with fiefs.
Papal Supremacy
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Pope Innocent
claimed supremacy
over all other rulers..
Innocent strengthened
papal power within the
Church
He extended the Papal
States
Education in the Middle Ages
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As economic and
political
conditions
improved need
for education
expanded.
Medical schools
Law schools
Medieval Literature
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Spain - Poem of the Cid
- a Christian lord who
fought both with and
against Muslim forces.
Divine Comedy - Dante
Alighieri – an
imaginary journey into
hell and purgatory,
where souls await
forgiveness.
Canterbury Tales, the
English writer Geoffrey
Chaucer describes a
band of pilgrims
traveling to Saint
Thomas Becket’s tomb.
Art and Architecture
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Gothic style European architecture
that developed in the
Middle Ages,
characterized by flying
buttresses, thin walls,
and high roofs
Stain glass windows
- pictures depicting
the life of Jesus.
helped educate the
people who were
unable to read.
Black Death
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1 in 3 people
died
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Hit western
Europe
through Italy
then spread to
Spain and
France.
Where did the Black Death come from?
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spread by fleas carried
by rats.
A strain survived in
Mongolia
Mongol armies
conquered much of
Asia, probably setting
off the new epidemic
Fleas jumped on rats
and infest the clothes
and packs of traders
traveling west.
The disease quickly
spread from Asia to
the Middle East and
then to Europe.
Impact of the Plague
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Normal life breaks
down – People turn
to witchcraft.
Some thought the
Plague was God’s
Punishment
Jews blamed for the
plague and killed
Inflation
Riots
Rise of the Middle Class
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The black plague brought
about a new middle class
This class was made of
merchants and traders
To help regulate the
craftsmen guilds were
developed
Guilds:
1. Set standard of quality
2. Control wages and
prices
3. Train apprentices
The Church Splits
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Pope Clement V had
moved the papal court
to Avignon, France.
Another pope was
elected to rule from
Rome.
Schism in the Church.
1417 - removed
authority from all
popes and elected
Pope Martin V – to the
papacy to Rome.
Hundred Years’ War
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1337 and 1453
English rulers wanted
to hold on to French
lands of their Norman
ancestors.
French kings wanted
to extend their own
power in France.
England and France
were also rivals for
control of the English
Channel,
Joan of Arc
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1429 - France
17-year-old peasant
woman
appeared at the court of
Charles VII,
She told him that God had
sent her to save France.
Charles authorized her to
lead an army against the
English.
She was taken captive by
allies of the English
Went on trial for witchcraft
She was convicted and
burned at the stake.
Later declared a saint.
Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
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French Kings gained power
Parliament gained power
the more deadly firepower
of the longbow and the
cannon.
Monarchs used large
armies, not feudal vassals,
to fight their wars.
As Europe recovered from
the Black Death
- population expanded
- manufacturing grew
- Trade increased
Italian cities flourished as
centers of trade and
shipping.