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Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.
Development of
France and England
Development of France and England
Germanic tribes
–
–
–
–
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migrate across Europe
push/pull factors
herders and farmers
different culture from Romans
carve Western Europe into small kingdoms
Development of France
Franks: 400-700 A.D.
– strongest of Germanic tribes
• Clovis
– conquered Gaul
– united Franks in central Europe
– converted to Christianity
(religion of Gaul people)
– supported by Pope
– Merovingians
Development of France
Charles Martel
– Carolingian
– rallied Frankish warriors against
Moors (Muslims)
• Battle of Tours – 732 A.D.
– Charles Martel stopped Muslim
advance into Europe
– Pope pleased with Carolingians
(Muslims were threat to papacy)
Development of France
• Charlemagne
– Hero of Middle Ages
• (Holy Barbarian, Charles the Great)
– 46 year reign – loved to battle
– organized kingdom of Franks with laws
– builds empire
• conquests reunited much of old Roman empire
– In 800, Pope Leo III asks for help with nobles
rebelling in Rome
• Frankish armies crush rebellion
– crowned Holy Roman Emperor for helping pope
• Christmas day 800 in Rome
• thus was born the Holy Roman Empire
Development of France
• Charlemagne
– wanted a united Christian Europe
• worked with Church to spread Christianity
– appointed powerful nobles to rule regions
• gave them land (fiefs)
– missi dominici
• officials sent out by Charlemagne
• controlled provincial rulers (nobles)
– ordered one of first great migrations
• made hundreds of thousands move to Russia
if they didn’t want to become Christians
Charlemagne
Development of France
• Treaty of Verdun in 843 A.D.
– divided empire: Italy, Germany, France
• Feudalism and manorialsim flourished
– feudal warfare
• Successors to Charlemagne had little power
over great feudal nobles
Development of England
• Anglos, Saxons, and Vikings settled in England
• Feudalism developed
• English rulers kept kingdom united
• 1066 King Edward the Confessor dies
– no heir
– council of nobles chose Harold
Development of England
• Duke William of Normandy
– claims throne
– raises army
– backed by pope
• Battle of Hastings in 1066
– William and knights defeat King Harold
– last invasion of England
Battle of Hastings
Development of England
• William the Conqueror → King William I
– crowned king of England Christmas day 1066
– French-speaking nobles dominated England
– over next 300 years, gradual blending of
Norman-French & Anglo-Saxon
customs, languages, traditions
– Latin influence on English language
Development of England
• King William I
– firm control
– fiefs to Church and Norman lords
– monitored who built castles and where
• Domesday Book - 1086
– complete and thorough census
– helped build efficient tax collecting
system
– no one could escape
• name compared to God’s final
judgment day
Development of England
• Henry II
– 1154 inherits throne
– expanded customs into law
(royal law)
• sent traveling justices to enforce
– foundations of English Common Law
• legal system based on custom and
court rulings
• protects property
– early jury system
– married Eleanor of Aquitaine
Development of England and France
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
– first married to France’s King Louis VII
– joined Second Crusade
• wore armor and rode horse with other Crusaders
– she ended marriage to Louis VII
– married England’s King Henry II
– 8 children
• Richard (“the Lion-Hearted”)
• John
– spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II
– revolt failed
– 15 years in prison
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Development of England
• Richard I
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–
–
–
–
–
known as “the Lion-Hearted”
freed Eleanor from prison
popular national hero
reigned 10 years, less than 1 year in England
spent reign fighting, causing debt and taxes
a leader of Third Crusade
• went for religious reasons
• John ruled England for him
– on way home, captured
• held prisoner 14 months until ransomed at great cost
– brother John attempted to take English throne
– dies without heir
Richard I (Lionheart)
John I
Development of England and France
• John I
– faced 3 powerful enemies
• King Philip II of France
– lost war & all of England’s land in France
– English expelled from France
• Pope Innocent III
– battled over selection of Archbishop of
Canterbury
– excommunicated John and placed England
under interdict
• English nobles
– angered by oppressive taxes & other abuses of
power
Development of England
• John I
– provoked English nobles into revolt
– economic difficulties and high inflation
– civil war
• nobles took sides for or against John
– forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215
• “Great Charter”
Development of England
• Magna Carta - 1215
– 1st document in English history
where monarch does not have
complete or absolute power
• created limited monarchy
– ideas still influence systems of
government in many countries
around world today
Development of England
• Magna Carta - 1215
– places King of England under law
– statement of civil liberties for noblemen
• protects privileges of lords
• recognizes legal rights of townspeople and Church
– king agrees not to raise taxes without consulting the
Great Council
– representative body of lords and clergy
– in 1200s, evolves into Parliament
1
Evolution of English Government
1066
Norman Conquest = William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons
at Hastings.
1086
Domesday Book = William I uses this survey as a basis for
taxation.
1160s–1180s
Common Law = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.
1215
Magna Carta = John signs this document limiting royal power and
extending rights.
1295
Model Parliament = Edward I summons Parliament, which includes
representatives of common people.
Development of England
• Parliament
– developed into 2 house legislature
• House of Lords
– nobles and high clergy (upper house)
• House of Commons
– knights and middle-class citizens, or
commoners (lower house)
– over centuries, gained crucial “power of the purse”
• right to approve new taxes
• checked or limited power of monarch
– many practices of U.S. Congress have roots in
practices of British Parliament
1
Successful Monarchs in France
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.
However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II
and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.
Philip II
Granted charters to new
towns
Introduced a standing
army
Filled government
positions with loyal middleclass officials
Introduced new national
tax
Quadrupled land holdings
Capetians
made the throne
hereditary
added to their lands
by playing rival
nobles against each
other
won the support of
the Church
built an effective
bureaucracy
Louis IX
Checked up on local
officials
Expanded royal courts
Outlawed private wars.
Ended serfdom in his lands
Left France an efficient,
centralized monarchy
Development of France
• Hugh Capet, count of Paris
– nobles elect him to throne 987 A.D.
– weak, no threat to powerful nobles
– lands smaller than many of his
vassals
– he and heirs increase royal powers
– play rival nobles against each
other
– increase royal lands
– won support of Church
and middle-class townspeople
Development of France
• Philip II
– also known as Philip Augustus
– defeated John I and expelled
English
– most powerful ruler in Europe before
death in 1223
– strengthened royal government
• used paid middle-class officials
(more loyal)
instead of nobles
• quadrupled royal land holdings
Development of France
• Louis IX
–
–
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–
–
most admired of his time
generous, noble, devoted to justice & chivalry
deeply religious, declared a saint
led France in 2 wars against Muslims
improved royal government
• outlawed private wars
• ended serfdom
• created strong national feeling (nationalism)
– established absolute monarchy
(complete authority)
– St. Louis named for Louis IX
Louis IX – St. Louis
Development of France
• Philip IV
– established Estates General
– tried to collect new taxes from clergy
• threatened to arrest those who did not pay
– power struggle with Pope Boniface VIII
• forbade taxation of clergy without papal
consent
• threatened to excommunicate clergy who paid
– seized Boniface when traveling near French border
• escaped, but badly beaten
• humiliated and never returned to Rome
• died the next year
Development of France
• Estates General
– established by Philip IV in 1302 in attempt to tax clergy
• caused Babylonian Captivity
• led to Great Schism
– French legislature
• includes reps from all 3 estates, or classes
– clergy, nobles, townspeople
– did not develop same role at British Parliament
• never gained power of purse
• never served as balance to royal power