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CH 10 THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE AGES The Franks Germanic tribe that conquers much of what had been the Western Roman Empire Clovis *Early Frankish King (their first to convert to Christianity) *Mayor of the Palace – official who ran the government’s day to day affairs (while the kings feasted, hawked, etc.) Charles Martel Former Mayor of the Palace who became King *”The Hammer” – he stops the Moors at the Battle of Tours in 732AD *Continental Europe Pyrenees mountains *Iberian Peninsula *Helped separate Muslim or Moorish Spain from the rest of Western Europe C H A R L E M A G N E ~Charles the Great - greatest Frankish King ~Able military & governmental leader who promoted education, the arts, and Christianity Treaty of Verdun 843 AD *Divided Charlemagne’s Empire between his grandsons, leading to its decline Vikings *Scandinavians who were also called Norsemen, Danes, Northmen, Norse Norse Warriors Northmen Norse Mythology Gods: Odin, Thor, Loki, Hel, etc. Valkries: escorted slain heroes to Valhalla Valhalla: Hall of fallen heroes Asgard: realm of the gods Bracelet Viking Runes Brooch Spears VIKING BURIAL CUSTOMS Often buried in a boat along with the possessions needed for the afterlife BURIAL MOUNDS VIKING SHIPS “A-VIKING” or RAIDing ~If you could defend yourself they traded with you ~If you were weak they raided and took what they wanted *Monasteries a frequent target… VIKING RAIDS ON ENGLAND 800’s AD VIKING EXPLORATION ~To Iceland, Greenland, and to North America! HAGAR THE HORRIBLE!! Normandy *coastal Province of France named after, and given to, the Norsemen who raided And eventually settled there Feudalism *Political and social system of the Middle Ages *Based on hereditary lordship or nobility controlling the peasant class The feudal hierarchy 1. the king 2. GREAT LORDS 3. LESSER LORDS OR KNIGHTS 4. COMMONERS (SOME FREEMEN & SOME SERFS) Serfs - peasants tied to the land of the lord Medieval lords Vassal – person (usually a lesser lord) who pledged allegiance to a (higher) lord *Act of “Homage”or fealty (“allegiance”), where the Vassal and Lord pledged mutual obligations to one another Ex. Vassal swears to defend the lord, lord swears to provide law & order, etc. Fief *Grant of land given to a Vassal by a lord *It gave the vassal income (thru taxes) to outfit himself for war on the lord’s behalf *Primogeniture (“first born”) – system where land was inherited by ONLY the eldest son FEUDAL ERA JUSTICE WAS A CONFUSING MIX OF: >MANOR LAW : the lord of the manor acts as the judge >TOWN LAW: town elders or early courts judge the accused >CHURCH OR CANON LAW: high ranking church officials judged clergymen accused of wrongdoing Trial by Battle or Combat •The winner seen as innocent or in the right – the loser as guilty •Role of Champions – you could have a “champion” fight for you •Role of God – would help the innocent Trial by Oath (*Also called Compurgation) Character witnesses testified on behalf of the accused and the Lord or lords acted as judge Trial by Ordeal •Healing cleanly from some physical ordeal (or even surviving it) determined innocence while infection or death suggested guilt * Role of God – again, would help the innocent Chain Mail – interwoven links of metal that acted as flexible armor (often just called “mail”) KNIGHTS IN “MAIL” HELMS (or helmets) KNIGHTS IN PLATE ARMOR ARMOR PARTS OR NAMES HORSE ARMOR SOME MEDIEVAL WEAPONS: AXES, SWORDS,DAGGERS,PIKES, WAR HAMMERS, CROSS BOWS, ETC. MACE OR FLAIL Peace of God Truce of God ~No fighting on holy days ~No fighting on holy ground ”Under the protection of the Church” **Both were (mostly unsuccessful) efforts by the Church to limit feudal warfare (***At one point the Church also tried to ban tournaments or threaten to not give a Christian burial to anyone who died during a tournament) Manor *Primary economic and living unit of Middle Ages (a largely self-sufficient agricultural estate) **Also called Manorialism or Manor life… •Village •Church •Manor House •Fields •Woods •Mill •Etc. Domain *Also spelled Demense – the portion of the manor’s land reserved for the lord (the other parts being rented out to peasants) Three field system – planting 2 fields and leaving one fallow, or unplanted, increased the crop yields Serfs *Peasants of the Middle Ages •Tied to manor land and lord where they were born Castle Home of a king or great lord – designed for protection Castle Moat Defensive ditch surrounding a castle (*May or may not have water in it) Chivalry •Code of conduct for medieval knights •Includes: Bravery, loyalty, fighting fair, respectful treatment of women, etc. Page Young boy assigned to a knight for training Squire Knight’s assistant *Usually a teen or young man Coats of Arms ~Also known as: Heraldry or Armorial Bearings ~ A shield with decorative symbols that represent the bearer of the shield ~ Originally used for identification on chaotic battlefields, they later become treasured family symbols *Heraldry from the Heralds at Medieval Tournaments who later recorded Coats of Arms in books…