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Medieval Kingdoms in Europe
Ch 4, p. 61
Ch 4.1 Vocab
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Feudalism
Vassal
Knight
Fief
Feudal contract
Chivalry
Enabled
Contract
The year before Charlemagne died in 814, he
crowned his only living son Louis the Pious,
emperor. Louis the Pious was a devoutly
religious man an ineffective ruler. He left 3
sons, Lothair, Charles the Bald and Louis the
German. They fought one another for control
of the empire.
Louis the pious
Lothair
Charles the bald
Louis the German
The three sons of Louis the Pious fought one
another for control of the Empire. In 843, the
brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun,
dividing the empire into three kingdoms. As
a result, the Carolingian kings lost power and
central authority broke down. The lack of
strong rulers led to a new system of
government and landholding-feudalism.
Fall of Carolingian Empire
• Centralized Gov’t.
falls apart b/c:
–Divisions after
Charlemagne’s death
–Viking invasions
Death of Charlemagne
• Carolingian Empire divided into 3 territories
– Fought over by Charlemagne’s grandsons
• Vikings attack!
– Excellent shipbuilders/sailors
– Strong warriors, BERZERKer mode
– The Franks developed a policy of settling Vikings and
converting them to Christianity-they then became a
part of European civilization.
Local nobles gained power throughout the
various conflicts
Vikings…sorta trendy
http://www.youtube.com/v/oKiYuIsPxYk
Development of Feudalism
Due to frequent invasions the people began to
depend on local nobles to protect them. To
survive it became necessary to find a powerful
lord who could offer protection in return for
service. This political system is called
feudalism.
–Inability of rulers to defend subjects
–Vassalage and knighthood
–Feudal contracts
At the heart of feudalism was vassalage, which
meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in
turn took care of their needs. In exchange for
military protection and other services, a lord,
or landowner, granted land called a fief. The
person receiving a fief was called a vassal.
The vassal was a man who also served a lord
in a military capacity. The most important gift
a lord could give a vassal a piece of land. The
feudal contract was the set of unwritten rules
that determined the relationship between lord
and vassal.
Knights were heavily armored cavalry
soldiers who pledged to defend their lords'
lands in exchange for fiefs.
Knights were expected to display courage in battle
and loyalty to their lord. By the 1100s, the code of
chivalry, was a code of ethics that knights were
supposed to uphold, and demanded that knights
fight bravely in defense of three masters. He
devoted himself to:
His earthly feudal lord
His heavenly Lord
His chosen lady
The chivalrous knight also
protected the weak and the
poor. The ideal knight was
loyal, brave, and
courteous.
The code of chivalry was developed to stop the
constant, brutal fighting among nobles. (honored guest)
Although women could legally hold property, most
remained under the control of men - of their fathers
until they married and of their husbands after they
married. Still, aristocratic women had many
opportunities to play important roles. Because the
lord was often away at court or war, the lady of the
castle had to manage the estate. Households could
include large numbers of officials and servants, so
this was no small responsibility. The lady of the
castle was also responsible for overseeing the food
supply and maintaining all the other supplies needed
for the smooth operation of the household.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Did not follow the rule that a wife should be
subservient to their husband. She married King
Louis VII of France at 15, he had their marriage
annulled. She married Duke Henry of Normandy 8
weeks later, he became King Henry II of England.
They had 8 kids. 5 sons-two who went on to be
kings on England. (Richard and John.
Structure of Feudalism
• Local lords were chief political, social,
and economic authorities
– Warriors (incl. knights) were required to pledge loyalty
• In return, warriors received land, food and safety
• Multiple landholders ruling the
land…instead of a centralized gov’t.
Think-Pair-Share!
• How did the introduction of larger horses lead
to the use of heavily armored knights?
OR
• What were some of the ideals of chivalry?
Ch 4.1 Discussion & Review
• The Medieval European relationship btwn lords and
vassals is called…
• Describe the traits of a chivalrous knight.
• Why was feudalism developed?
Ch 4.1 Discussion & Review
• The Medieval European relationship btwn lords and
vassals is called…
– Feudalism
• Describe the traits of a chivalrous knight.
– courtesy, fairness, piety, & devotion to honor
• Why was feudalism developed?
– Loss of centralized power
Peasants, Trade & Cities!
Ch 4.2, p. 68
Feudal Society
• What kind of protection would lords
be able to offer to peasants?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q
V7CanyzhZg&feature=plcp
Ch 4.2 Vocab
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Carruca
Manor
Serf
Bourgeoisie
Patrician
Population Explosion
Almost doubles (38-74 million) Why?
–Relative peacefulness-fewer wars
–Better climate led to more production
–New Farming methods
–Inventions-horse shoe and collar
Agriculture Technology
• New methods(labor saving devices-gave way
to greater production)
–Wind and water tech, reducing
human/animal labor
–Carruca-Heavy 6-8 ox-drawn, wheeled
plow w/ iron plowshare. Allowed turning
of heavier soil and large-scale coop farming,
but very expensive so entire an community
would purchase and share plow/animals.
–Increased efficiency in land use
•Three-field system instead of two-field
Manorial System
• Manors-An estate owned by a lord and
farmed by peasants, most of whom were serfs
• Peasants -Lived in simple cottages, worked
land for nobles, paid rent by giving a share of
all they raised, grew, killed etc., subject to
nobles’ control. Season of the year dictated
what activity most would be engaged in.
• Serfs (indentured servants) same as peasants
except-bound to the land. (no leave!!)
Query
• In what way was manor life an economic
system?
• What do seasons have to do with anything a
peasant or serf would be doing?
• In what way was manor life an economic
system?
–Exchange of goods and services
• Lord provides land & protection
• Peasants provide labor and share of crops
• What do seasons have to do with anything a
peasant or serf would be doing? Harvesting,
planting, working the ground, slaughter etc.
Growth of Trade
• Money and rise of capitalism!
–Economy based on gold and silver, rather
than barter , Investment for profit begins
• Centers of trade
–Venice & the Mediterranean: cloth, swords,
silks, sugar & spice
–Flanders: wool, furs, tins, hemp, honey
• Hanseatic League->100 cities in the Baltic Sea
and North Sea areas banded together for
mutual protection/trade
Growth of Trade
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Revival of trade routes
Revitalization and growth of cities
Expansion of merchant & artisan classes
Increase in manufacturing &
consumption of goods
• Increase in TAXES, money & banking
• Settlements near castles=protection
Urbanization
• Revival of old Roman cities
• Freedom from Lords-could buy land from
Lord
• bourgeoisie-merchants who had settlements
surrounded by walls , unsanitary, lots of
men. Stinky, air/water pollution,
• Industry/guilds (quality control ) set every
aspect of production, quality, price,
apprentice, journeyman, master.
Townsppl Gain Power
• Ruling class sell liberties to ppl who could pay
• Unique laws
–Right to buy/sell prop.
–Freedom from military service to lord
–Personal freedom
–Escaped serfs who lived in the town
received freedom if evaded lord for a year
and one day
Think-Pair-Share
• What events during the Middle Ages led
to a growth of cities?
OR
• How did new farming methods benefit
Europe in the Middle Ages?
Major Changes in Europe
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Growth in population
Stability achieved by manorial system
Revival of trade
Explosion of cities  some become very
strong
Town Charters
• Disparity in power btwn state and towns
– Nobles decide to grant charters to keep towns
under control
• Some last for hundreds of years
Ch 4.2 Discussion & Review
• What is the vocab word for a heavy wheeled plow
w/ an iron plowshare?
– Carruca
• What was a long term result of ppl living in walled
cities?
– Basic freedoms for sale
• How did the Hanseatic League benefit Northern
Europe?
– Protecting trade and promoting economic dev.
Growth of Euro Kingdoms
aka prepare for a random
assortment of cultures from the
Middle Ages
Ch 4.3, p. 73
Ch 4.3 Vocab
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Common law
Magna Carta
Parliament
Estate
England in High Middle Ages
1000-1300
William of Normandy (France) attacked and
defeated King Harold of England at the
Battle of Hastings. William was crowned
King of England. The English lords who
supported Harold lost their lands.
William then granted their lands to about 200
Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty
to him personally. This laid the foundation
for centralized government in England
William took a census, known as the
Domesday Book. It was the first census taken
in Europe since Roman times and included
people, manors, and farm animals.
Norman Conquest of England
• New Anglo-Saxon culture
– Nobles had to swear loyalty to William as sole
ruler of England, Norman knights given fiefs
– Current-day institutions made by Normans:
• Sheriff’s office
• System of taxation
• Royal courts
– Ruling class spoke French
• Adopts existing Anglo-Saxon institutions
–Merging of French and Anglo languages creates
new English language
King Henry II-Increased the power of the
monarchy by expanding power of royal
courts. Introduced use of jury in trials (12
neighbors). Over the centuries, case by case,
the rulings of England's royal judges and
royal court's of justice formed a unified
body of law that became known as common
law. Henry was less successful at imposing
royal control over church. (Becket)
On June 15, 1215, the nobles
forced John to agree to the
most celebrated document in
English history, the Magna
Carta (the great charter).
This document, drawn up by
English nobles guaranteed
certain basic political rights.
The Magna Carta eventually
was used to strengthen the
idea that a monarch’s power
was limited, not absolute.
The nobles wanted to safeguard their own
feudal rights and limit the king's powers. In
later years, however, English people of all
classes argued that certain clauses in the Magna
Carta applied to every citizen.
Guaranteed rights included no taxation with-out
representation, a jury trial, and the protection of
the law.
The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now
considered basic legal rights both in England
and in the United States.
Under Edward I, representative
government emerges Parliament-2
nights from each county, two people
from each town, all nobles and clergy.
Eventually became two separate
entities. House of Lords and the House
of Commons.
http://www.youtube.com/v/H3r9bOkY
W9s
Development of English Law & Gov’t.
France in High Middle Ages
• Philip II Augustus
–Regains control from England
• Louis IX
–Super religious, into justice for his people
• Philip IV
–Expanded gov’t., created French parliament
3 estates-1st=clergy, 2nd=nobles,
3rd=townspeople
• Contrast English/French rulers with the
German rulers of the High Middle Ages.
Query
• Contrast English/French rulers with the
German rulers of the High Middle Ages.
–English and French kings strengthened
their monarchies by expanding
territories AND controlling
nobles….(Magna Carta)
• BUT German emperors dropped the
ball with nobles
Holy Roman Empire
• Otto I, a German king, creates the Holy
Roman Empire (first since Charlemagne)
–Pope names Otto emperor of the Romans,
AD 962
• In exchange for Otto’s protection of the
church BUT
Holy Roman Empire
• Later, in Italy-Emperors Fredrick I and
Fredrick II wanted to expand into Italy for
land/revenue (Pope say’s NO WAY!!)
• Kings busy so back home in Germany
–German nobles building small German
states ignoring the king.
• Holy Roman Empire fails to control
Germany or Italy. Neither Germany or
Italy create a national monarchy in MA.
Central and Eastern Europe
• Split in Slavic Kingdoms
–Western slavs
eventually become
Polish/Western
Christian
–Eastern/Southern
slavs separate and
become Catholic or
Eastern Orthodox
Think-Pair-Share
• Why do you think the various Slavic kingdoms
split religiously?
Kievan Rus (modern day Russia/Ukrainedominated by Swedish Vikings-king Oleg
opened trade with Byzantine increasing
wealth of country. Vikings married Slavic
wives and gradually assimilated. One
ruler adopted Eastern Orthodox
Christianity and made it the religion of his
state. Invasions and civil wars brought
and end.
Mongols Attack!
• Overrun Russia in 1200s
• Prince Alexander Nevsky
defends Russia, for
Mongols vs. Germans
–Mongol khan
rewards Nevsky with
title ‘Grand Prince’
–His descendants
become leaders of
Russia
Sign of the Order of Saint Nevsky
Monument in
Saint Petersburg
• Also:
– Movies
– Books
– Graphic Novel
– Soviet Propaganda
Ch 4.3 Discussion & Review
• What was the charter that codified the rights
of Kings and vassals?
– Magna Carta
• T/F: a parliament is a representative gov’t.
– True…in that nobles have their opinions
represented
• The Holy Roman Empire stemmed from which
European state?
– Germany