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Medieval Kingdoms in Europe Ch 4, p. 61 Ch 4.1 Vocab • • • • • • • • Feudalism Vassal Knight Fief Feudal contract Chivalry Enabled Contract The year before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned his only living son Louis the Pious, emperor. Louis the Pious was a devoutly religious man an ineffective ruler. He left 3 sons, Lothair, Charles the Bald and Louis the German. They fought one another for control of the empire. Louis the pious Lothair Charles the bald Louis the German The three sons of Louis the Pious fought one another for control of the Empire. In 843, the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the empire into three kingdoms. As a result, the Carolingian kings lost power and central authority broke down. The lack of strong rulers led to a new system of government and landholding-feudalism. Fall of Carolingian Empire • Centralized Gov’t. falls apart b/c: –Divisions after Charlemagne’s death –Viking invasions Death of Charlemagne • Carolingian Empire divided into 3 territories – Fought over by Charlemagne’s grandsons • Vikings attack! – Excellent shipbuilders/sailors – Strong warriors, BERZERKer mode – The Franks developed a policy of settling Vikings and converting them to Christianity-they then became a part of European civilization. Local nobles gained power throughout the various conflicts Vikings…sorta trendy http://www.youtube.com/v/oKiYuIsPxYk Development of Feudalism Due to frequent invasions the people began to depend on local nobles to protect them. To survive it became necessary to find a powerful lord who could offer protection in return for service. This political system is called feudalism. –Inability of rulers to defend subjects –Vassalage and knighthood –Feudal contracts At the heart of feudalism was vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs. In exchange for military protection and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted land called a fief. The person receiving a fief was called a vassal. The vassal was a man who also served a lord in a military capacity. The most important gift a lord could give a vassal a piece of land. The feudal contract was the set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between lord and vassal. Knights were heavily armored cavalry soldiers who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs. Knights were expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord. By the 1100s, the code of chivalry, was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold, and demanded that knights fight bravely in defense of three masters. He devoted himself to: His earthly feudal lord His heavenly Lord His chosen lady The chivalrous knight also protected the weak and the poor. The ideal knight was loyal, brave, and courteous. The code of chivalry was developed to stop the constant, brutal fighting among nobles. (honored guest) Although women could legally hold property, most remained under the control of men - of their fathers until they married and of their husbands after they married. Still, aristocratic women had many opportunities to play important roles. Because the lord was often away at court or war, the lady of the castle had to manage the estate. Households could include large numbers of officials and servants, so this was no small responsibility. The lady of the castle was also responsible for overseeing the food supply and maintaining all the other supplies needed for the smooth operation of the household. Eleanor of Aquitaine Did not follow the rule that a wife should be subservient to their husband. She married King Louis VII of France at 15, he had their marriage annulled. She married Duke Henry of Normandy 8 weeks later, he became King Henry II of England. They had 8 kids. 5 sons-two who went on to be kings on England. (Richard and John. Structure of Feudalism • Local lords were chief political, social, and economic authorities – Warriors (incl. knights) were required to pledge loyalty • In return, warriors received land, food and safety • Multiple landholders ruling the land…instead of a centralized gov’t. Think-Pair-Share! • How did the introduction of larger horses lead to the use of heavily armored knights? OR • What were some of the ideals of chivalry? Ch 4.1 Discussion & Review • The Medieval European relationship btwn lords and vassals is called… • Describe the traits of a chivalrous knight. • Why was feudalism developed? Ch 4.1 Discussion & Review • The Medieval European relationship btwn lords and vassals is called… – Feudalism • Describe the traits of a chivalrous knight. – courtesy, fairness, piety, & devotion to honor • Why was feudalism developed? – Loss of centralized power Peasants, Trade & Cities! Ch 4.2, p. 68 Feudal Society • What kind of protection would lords be able to offer to peasants? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q V7CanyzhZg&feature=plcp Ch 4.2 Vocab • • • • • Carruca Manor Serf Bourgeoisie Patrician Population Explosion Almost doubles (38-74 million) Why? –Relative peacefulness-fewer wars –Better climate led to more production –New Farming methods –Inventions-horse shoe and collar Agriculture Technology • New methods(labor saving devices-gave way to greater production) –Wind and water tech, reducing human/animal labor –Carruca-Heavy 6-8 ox-drawn, wheeled plow w/ iron plowshare. Allowed turning of heavier soil and large-scale coop farming, but very expensive so entire an community would purchase and share plow/animals. –Increased efficiency in land use •Three-field system instead of two-field Manorial System • Manors-An estate owned by a lord and farmed by peasants, most of whom were serfs • Peasants -Lived in simple cottages, worked land for nobles, paid rent by giving a share of all they raised, grew, killed etc., subject to nobles’ control. Season of the year dictated what activity most would be engaged in. • Serfs (indentured servants) same as peasants except-bound to the land. (no leave!!) Query • In what way was manor life an economic system? • What do seasons have to do with anything a peasant or serf would be doing? • In what way was manor life an economic system? –Exchange of goods and services • Lord provides land & protection • Peasants provide labor and share of crops • What do seasons have to do with anything a peasant or serf would be doing? Harvesting, planting, working the ground, slaughter etc. Growth of Trade • Money and rise of capitalism! –Economy based on gold and silver, rather than barter , Investment for profit begins • Centers of trade –Venice & the Mediterranean: cloth, swords, silks, sugar & spice –Flanders: wool, furs, tins, hemp, honey • Hanseatic League->100 cities in the Baltic Sea and North Sea areas banded together for mutual protection/trade Growth of Trade • • • • Revival of trade routes Revitalization and growth of cities Expansion of merchant & artisan classes Increase in manufacturing & consumption of goods • Increase in TAXES, money & banking • Settlements near castles=protection Urbanization • Revival of old Roman cities • Freedom from Lords-could buy land from Lord • bourgeoisie-merchants who had settlements surrounded by walls , unsanitary, lots of men. Stinky, air/water pollution, • Industry/guilds (quality control ) set every aspect of production, quality, price, apprentice, journeyman, master. Townsppl Gain Power • Ruling class sell liberties to ppl who could pay • Unique laws –Right to buy/sell prop. –Freedom from military service to lord –Personal freedom –Escaped serfs who lived in the town received freedom if evaded lord for a year and one day Think-Pair-Share • What events during the Middle Ages led to a growth of cities? OR • How did new farming methods benefit Europe in the Middle Ages? Major Changes in Europe • • • • Growth in population Stability achieved by manorial system Revival of trade Explosion of cities some become very strong Town Charters • Disparity in power btwn state and towns – Nobles decide to grant charters to keep towns under control • Some last for hundreds of years Ch 4.2 Discussion & Review • What is the vocab word for a heavy wheeled plow w/ an iron plowshare? – Carruca • What was a long term result of ppl living in walled cities? – Basic freedoms for sale • How did the Hanseatic League benefit Northern Europe? – Protecting trade and promoting economic dev. Growth of Euro Kingdoms aka prepare for a random assortment of cultures from the Middle Ages Ch 4.3, p. 73 Ch 4.3 Vocab • • • • Common law Magna Carta Parliament Estate England in High Middle Ages 1000-1300 William of Normandy (France) attacked and defeated King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings. William was crowned King of England. The English lords who supported Harold lost their lands. William then granted their lands to about 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally. This laid the foundation for centralized government in England William took a census, known as the Domesday Book. It was the first census taken in Europe since Roman times and included people, manors, and farm animals. Norman Conquest of England • New Anglo-Saxon culture – Nobles had to swear loyalty to William as sole ruler of England, Norman knights given fiefs – Current-day institutions made by Normans: • Sheriff’s office • System of taxation • Royal courts – Ruling class spoke French • Adopts existing Anglo-Saxon institutions –Merging of French and Anglo languages creates new English language King Henry II-Increased the power of the monarchy by expanding power of royal courts. Introduced use of jury in trials (12 neighbors). Over the centuries, case by case, the rulings of England's royal judges and royal court's of justice formed a unified body of law that became known as common law. Henry was less successful at imposing royal control over church. (Becket) On June 15, 1215, the nobles forced John to agree to the most celebrated document in English history, the Magna Carta (the great charter). This document, drawn up by English nobles guaranteed certain basic political rights. The Magna Carta eventually was used to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not absolute. The nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the king's powers. In later years, however, English people of all classes argued that certain clauses in the Magna Carta applied to every citizen. Guaranteed rights included no taxation with-out representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law. The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights both in England and in the United States. Under Edward I, representative government emerges Parliament-2 nights from each county, two people from each town, all nobles and clergy. Eventually became two separate entities. House of Lords and the House of Commons. http://www.youtube.com/v/H3r9bOkY W9s Development of English Law & Gov’t. France in High Middle Ages • Philip II Augustus –Regains control from England • Louis IX –Super religious, into justice for his people • Philip IV –Expanded gov’t., created French parliament 3 estates-1st=clergy, 2nd=nobles, 3rd=townspeople • Contrast English/French rulers with the German rulers of the High Middle Ages. Query • Contrast English/French rulers with the German rulers of the High Middle Ages. –English and French kings strengthened their monarchies by expanding territories AND controlling nobles….(Magna Carta) • BUT German emperors dropped the ball with nobles Holy Roman Empire • Otto I, a German king, creates the Holy Roman Empire (first since Charlemagne) –Pope names Otto emperor of the Romans, AD 962 • In exchange for Otto’s protection of the church BUT Holy Roman Empire • Later, in Italy-Emperors Fredrick I and Fredrick II wanted to expand into Italy for land/revenue (Pope say’s NO WAY!!) • Kings busy so back home in Germany –German nobles building small German states ignoring the king. • Holy Roman Empire fails to control Germany or Italy. Neither Germany or Italy create a national monarchy in MA. Central and Eastern Europe • Split in Slavic Kingdoms –Western slavs eventually become Polish/Western Christian –Eastern/Southern slavs separate and become Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Think-Pair-Share • Why do you think the various Slavic kingdoms split religiously? Kievan Rus (modern day Russia/Ukrainedominated by Swedish Vikings-king Oleg opened trade with Byzantine increasing wealth of country. Vikings married Slavic wives and gradually assimilated. One ruler adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity and made it the religion of his state. Invasions and civil wars brought and end. Mongols Attack! • Overrun Russia in 1200s • Prince Alexander Nevsky defends Russia, for Mongols vs. Germans –Mongol khan rewards Nevsky with title ‘Grand Prince’ –His descendants become leaders of Russia Sign of the Order of Saint Nevsky Monument in Saint Petersburg • Also: – Movies – Books – Graphic Novel – Soviet Propaganda Ch 4.3 Discussion & Review • What was the charter that codified the rights of Kings and vassals? – Magna Carta • T/F: a parliament is a representative gov’t. – True…in that nobles have their opinions represented • The Holy Roman Empire stemmed from which European state? – Germany