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The Medieval Catholic Church Missionaries – spread Christianity; religious travelers Converting Germanic tribes Monasteries – religious communities Monks – gave up possesions and devoted their life to serving god Nuns – same as above,lived in convents The Power of the Medieval Church Benedict – wrote a book describing a set of rules for monasteries Scholastic – headed the convent and adapted same rules for women A Medieval Monk’s Day Monasteries • Became Europe’s best-educated communities • Opened schools, copied books, maintained libraries • Illuminated manuscripts A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium Illuminated Manuscripts Pope Gregory I • Under his authority the papacy (Pope’s office) became a secular (worldly) power • Used church $ to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor Power of the Church POPE ALL CLERGY – church officials Bishops Priests (people went to) Unifying Force • Feudalism divided people • The shared beliefs in the church united them together • Stable force that provided security Church terms: • Sacraments – important religious ceremonies – Baptism • Canon law – church law – Matters of marriage and religious practices. Struggle for Power Church Pope VS. State Kings/Emperors Holy Roman Empire • First ruled by Otto I • Worked very closely with the church Lay Investiture – King appoints church officials - church did not like this Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII • • • • • 1075 Pope banned lay investitures Henry IV orders Pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry IV People sided with the Pope Henry begged for forgiveness Concordat of Worms • 1122 church alone appoints bishops • Emperor has the right to veto Advancements in Agriculture • Warmer climate • Switch to horse power – Better harness • Three-Field System – Farm 2/3 of land, leave 1/3 Food Production Increased Population Grew Commercial Revolution • Expansion of trade and business • Fair Days – Trade goods – Cloth most common item • Trade routes spread • Need arose for credit – Banking became an important business Urban Life • More trade = bigger towns • People were no longer content with their feudal existence on manors • Serfs could get freedom if they lived in a town for one year • Created a new social class Merchant Class Revival of Learning • • • • Crusaders brought back new technology Universities – group of scholars People began writing in the vernacular Thomas Aquinas – the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument – Wrote a book – Combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thought Romanesque Architectural Style Rounded Arches. Barrel vaults. Thick walls. Darker, simplistic interiors. Small windows, usually at the top of the wall. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior The Medieval Manor Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry) Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I: William’s son. set up a court system. Exchequer dept. of royal finances. Henry II: established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. grand jury. trial by jury. Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I: William’s son. set up a court system. Exchequer dept. of royal finances. Henry II: established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. grand jury. trial by jury. Magna Carta, 1215 King John I Runnymeade “Great Charter” monarchs were not above the law. kings had to consult a council of advisors. kings could not tax arbitrarily. The Beginnings of the British Parliament Great Council: middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. eventually called Parliament. by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords nobles & clergy. o House of Commons knights and burgesses. The Rise of European Monarchies: France Gothic Architectural Style Pointed arches. High, narrow vaults. Thinner walls. Flying buttresses. Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade Setting Out on Crusade Christian Crusades: East and West Medieval Universities Oxford University Late Medieval Town Dwellings Medieval Trade Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop Crest of a Cooper’s Guild