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Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Europe in the 6c
The Medieval Catholic Church
 filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
 monasticism:
 St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
 provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
 inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
 libraries & scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts.
 monks  missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church
 bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 the church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
 curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
 tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
 Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person
[paid by the peasants].
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
Illuminated Manuscripts
Romanesque Architectural Style
 Rounded Arches.
 Barrel vaults.
 Thick walls.
 Darker, simplistic interiors.
 Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
The Law of the Church
• Canon Law – body of laws governing the religious
practices of the Christian church.
• Courts were established to try people for violation
of canon law
• Punishments included excommunication and
interdict
– Excommunication involved banning an individual from
the church
– Interdict was banning a king’s whole kingdom from the
church
• Sacraments – rites performed by the church such
as marriage, baptism, christening, last rites etc.
• Lay investiture – a ceremony where kings and
nobles appointed church officials.
• Henry IV of Germany and Pope Gregory VII fought
over lay investiture.
• Concordat of Worms – an agreement in 1122 that
said the church could appoint a bishop but the
emperor could veto.
Problems in the Church
• Many married and had families although it was
against church law
• Simony – the practice of buying and selling church
positions
• Lay investiture as mentioned previously this is non
church people granting church positions
Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Charlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
The Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Miniscule
The Rise of European Monarchies:
England
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and
military service.
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
William the Conqueror:
Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
The Norman Conquest
• 1042 – Danes were driven out of England and a
Saxon called Edward the Confessor ruled
• 1066 – Edward died childless – William, Duke of
Normandy claimed the throne
• Saxons refused him and elected Harold of Wessex
• 1066 – William and his forces landed at Hastings
and defeated the Saxons
• Usually called William the Conqueror after this
• Eventually the 2 cultures mingled – to form English
language of today
• Henry I ruled Normandy and England from 1100 to
1135. He strengthened government by creating an
effective royal bureaucracy.
• 1154-1189 Henry II on the throne in England.
Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine which gave him
control of a good portion of France
• Henry II is best known for reform of English legal
system.
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
• 1163 – Henry II wanted church people to be tried
and convicted by royal court
• Thomas a Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury,
refused. They had a series of confrontations.
• 1170 – the King’s knights killed Becket.
• 1189-1199 Richard I (the Lionheart) reigned. Out
of the 10 years he was king was only in England
for 6 months. Depleted the treasury
• 1199 - 1216 evil brother John comes to throne.
• Cruel and oppressive. Overtaxes the people.
Magna Carta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
The Rise of European Monarchies:
France
Gothic Architectural Style
 Pointed arches.
 High, narrow
vaults.
 Thinner walls.
 Flying buttresses.
 Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
 Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Setting Out on Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West
Crusades
• 1096 Pope Urban II calls for the crusade or “holy
war” to save the holy land (Palestine, Jerusalem)
from the Muslims.
• 1st Crusade the only fully successful one. In 1099
captured Jerusalem.
• 3rd Crusade a/k/a the Crusade of the 3 Kings.
Richard I of England (the Lionhearted), Philip II of
France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
• Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce. Christians
could safely visit the Holy Land.
Cause and Effect
• Contributing Factors
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Feudalism
Chivalry
Religious idealism
Weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Immediate Causes
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Conquests by Seljuk Turks
Byzantine emperor’s call for help
Pope’s ambition to reunite Christendom
Pope’s appeal to Christian knights
Knights’ religious zeal and earthly ambitions
Italian cities’ desire for commercial power
• Immediate effects of the Crusades
– Temporary land gains in Palestine
– Sack of Constantinople
– Temporary gain in papal prestige
• Long-Term Effects
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Decline of papal prestige
Decline of feudal power
Increase in monarchs’ power
Increased religious intolerance
Expansion of trade by Italian cities
Medieval Universities
Oxford University
Late Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval Trade
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
Crest of a Cooper’s Guild
• Commercial Revolution – Increased trade and
banking caused towns to grow
• Fairs held several times a year
• Many serfs were able to gain their freedom and
move to towns
• Crusades opened more trade routes and
introduced people to luxury items
• Cloth most common trade item
• Between 1000 and 1150 population grew from 30
million to 42 million.