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The English Reformation King Henry VIII • Eng. Reform was a political crisis • It began when Henry VIII decided to rid himself of his wife, Catherine of Aragon. • Pope Julius II had granted permission for them to marry. • He considered her too old to bear anymore children and he wanted a son. • They had 1 daughter, Mary • Clement VII refused to annul the marriage. Catherine of Aragon * daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella * originally married to Arthur who dies 6 months into the marriage * marries Henry – she’s 24 he’s 18 Steps in the English Reformation • Pope Clement VII pressured by Charles V to avoid granting the annulment • Henry then sought an annulment through the British Ecclesiastical Courts • Parliament passed a law that ended papal control in England • Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn and the Church in England legitimized the marriage • Anne had a baby girl— Elizabeth I Pope Clement VIII Anne Boleyn The Divorce • Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of Cantebury) engineers the divorce • Henry must break with the papacy to achieve this. He likes the power it gives him. • The Act of Supremacy makes the king (monarch) the head of the Church of England. It abolishes papal jurisdiction in England. • Dissolution of the monastaries transfers church wealth and property to England. • Act in Restraint of Appeals denies Pope’s authority • Thomas More loses his head when he refuses to swear allegiance to the new church. (Act of Succession) The Reformation in England Anne Boleyn * she had been Catherine’s lady-inwaiting * married Henry in 1533 *she is already pregnant with Elizabeth and will miscarry her last 2 pregnancies, one of which was a son. * charged with adultery and incest * her marriage to Henry was dissolved and regarded as invalid * executed at the Tower 1536 Video\The_Execution_of_Anne_Boleyn.asf 4 More Wives • Jane Seymour gave birth to Edward but dies shortly after • Anne of Cleaves was “distasteful” to Henry • Catherine Howard actually did some of the things Anne Boleyn had been charged with and was beheaded • Catherine Parr managed to outlive Henry and acted as his nursemaid in his final years • Henry died January 28, 1547 Jane Seymour Anne of Cleaves Catherine Howard Katherine Parr Changes in Henry’s Church Although the structure of the Church of England was established, very few things changed theologically Structure: Theology: • Act of Succession • Act of Supremacy • Monarch is the head of the church • Treason Act • Dissolved monasteries • • • • Catholic doctrine Six Articles Act Transubstantiation Clerical celibacy Henry VIII’s Grave After Henry’s death… • Edward VI, a frail child, was 9 when he became king • Because he was so young, a cabinet of ministers ruled for him. • He died in 1553 and Mary came to the throne. • During his reign, Archbishop Cranmer moved the Anglican Church towards Protestantism • Book of Common Prayer Mary I • Ascended to the throne in 1553 • Aimed to restore the Catholic Church in England • Provoked a great deal of fear of and opposition • Reasserted papal authority • Her execution of more than 300 Protestants earned her the notorious nickname “Bloody Mary” Mary’s Campaign Against the Protestants • Nearly 800 Protestants fled England (Marian Exiles) • Her repression actually caused people to become more Protestant Cranmer burned at the stake Queen Elizabeth I 1533-1603 • Came to power in 1558 • Protestant • Act of Uniformity and Act of Succession • Restored Protestantism and gave it meaning • The Puritans