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Revival, Recovery, Reform, and Expansion Political Revival 11th Century a new political stability began Rulers in France, England, and Germany worked to reduce private warfare and civil anarchy In the 10th Century Charlemagne’s descendents continued to hold the royal title in the West Frankish kingdom They did not exercise control over the feudal lords France Northern France had strong feudal elements Southern territories used Roman Law Five counties dominated northern France Anjou, Blois-Chartres, Brittany, Flanders, and Normandy Charles the Simple West Frankish Ruler Not able to remove the Vikings from France In 911AD he officially recognized Viking ruler, Rollo and later gave him more land In turn Rollo gave allegiance to Charles and agreed to hold the region as a barrier against future Viking attacks Duke William I Descendent of Rollo Under his control rebellious lords ignored ducal authority, built private castles, and engaged in private warfare Beginning in 1060, he united the Norman nobility under threat of external aggression from the counts of Blois and Maine Defended his frontier with a circle of castles Made feudalism work as a system of government Executed vassals who defaulted on their obligations Carpetian Dynasty In 987, when the last of the Carolingian rulers died, nobles assembled to choose a successor Hugh Capet was selected Soon after his coronation he crowned his son to ensure succession and prevent disputes after his death Saved France from further division By hanging onto their lands they laid the foundation for later political stability England In 1013 the Danish ruler Swen Forkbeard invaded England His son Canute completed the subjugation Became King of England from 1016-1035 After 1030 he became King of Norway as well Made England the center of his empire Promoted a policy of assimilation and reconciliation between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings Germany and Italy King Otto 936-973 Lead the Germans in a crushing defeat on the Hungarians on the banks of the Lech River Selected Aachen as the site of his coronation to symbolize his intention to continue the tradition of Charlemagne Relied on the church to halt feudal anarchy Got financial support and the bulk of his army from ecclesiastical lands Coroneted by the Pope in 962 The Battle of Lechfeld halted the Magyars’ threat to Germany and made Otto a great hero to the Germans – Also it demonstrated that Otto was a worthy successor to Charlemagne Revived imperial dignity and laid the foundation for what was later call the Holy Roman Empire Filled a power vacuum in northern Italy and brought peace among the great aristocratic families The Peace of God Bishops took action to put a stop to the rampant attacks against the church Church councils formed peace associations Groups of men in particular districts who assessed themselves and used the money to provide armed protection against thuggish lords Some churchmen tried to reduce the amount of warfare by initiating the Truce of God They limited the number of days on which fighting was permitted – Sundays, Special feast days, and the seasons of Lent and Advent were to be free of fighting – If all forbidden days had been observed fighting would have been permissible on only 80 days of the year Revival and Reform in the Christian Church In the 11th Century monasteries remodeled themselves under the leadership of the Burgundian abbey of Cluny Pope Gregory VII’s strong assertion of papal power led to profound changes in serious conflict with secular authorities Cathedrals showed the revival in the church in the 12th and 13th Centuries Monastic Revival The Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invaders attacked and ransacked many monasteries across Europe Powerful laymen appointed themselves or their relatives as abbots, took the lands and goods of monasteries, and spent monastic revenues Abbots, bishops, and archbishops thus had military responsibilities that required them to fight with their lords or at least send contingents of soldiers when called on to do so The first two abbots of Cluny, Berno and Odo, set very high standards of religious behavior Cluny gradually came to stand for clerical celibacy and the suppression of simony Simony- the sale of church offices Deeply impressed laypeople showered girts on monasteries with good reputations As the monasteries became richer, the lifestyle of the monks grew increasingly luxurious Soon fresh demands for reform were heard, and the result was the founding of new religious orders in the late 11th and early 12th Centuries The Cistercians In 1098 a group of monks left the rich abbey of Molesmes in Burgundy and founded a new house in the swampy forest of Citeaux Planned to avoid all involvement with secular feudal society Accepted only uncultivated lands far from regular habitation Refused all gifts of mills, serfs, tithes, and ovens Early Cistercians avoided elaborate liturgy and ceremony and kept chants simple Refused to allow the presence of powerful laypeople in their monasteries In 1112 a 23 yr old nobleman named Bernard joined the community at Citeaux 3 yrs later he was appointed founding abbot of Clairvaux in Champagne He attacked the theological views of Peter Abelard He intervened in the disputed papal election of 1130 Drafted a constitution for the Knights Templars Preached the 2nd Crusade Unavoidably, Cistercian success frought wealth and wealth brought power By the later 12th century economic prosperity and political power had begun to compromise the original Cistercian ideals Mendicant Friars Pope Innocent III 1198-1216 13th century pope who presided over the papacy at its highest level of influence Sanctioned the establishment of two new orders The Dominicans and the Franciscans – The members of both were called friars – Worked among needy people, especially those living in towns, rather than isolating themselves It was said that “their world was their cloister” – To finance their good deeds they went about begging for alms This caused people to refer to them as mendicants, or beggars – Preached and defended the teachings of the Church and fought heresy wherever they encountered it Thomas Aquinas Dominican theologian His teachings are still considered the definitive statement of Roman Catholicism Dominicans Founded in 1216 by Saint Dominic Felt the way to fight heresy was to return to the simple ways of the apostles Gained fame by joining the crusade against the Albigensian heresy Albigensian were centered in southern France – Believed the world was a battleground for the forces of good and evil – Church = Evil, because of its wealth and power Order of the Friar Preachers became the official name of the Dominicans Franciscans Francis Son of a wealthy merchant from Assisi Dreamed of becoming a knight but was captured during his first military venture Had a dream in which he was directed to repair several ruined churches near the city Then pledged himself to a life of poverty and to helping the poor and the sick To demonstrate the teachings of Jesus Soon a small group of like-minded people joined him Without permission used fathers money to do repairs and was flogged and imprisoned The Order of Friars Minor was sanctioned by Pope Innocent III Impressed Clare, a young noble woman She renounces her inheritance She founded an order of nuns called the Poor Clares Reform of the Papacy In the 10th the papacy provided little leadership to the Christian peoples of western Europe Popes were appointed to advance the political ambitions of their families Pope John XII was appointed pope by his powerful father when he was only 18 He concentrated on expanding papal territories At the local parish level, in the 10th and 11th centuries, many priests were married These priests were called Nicolaites The Controversy over Lay Investiture In 1075 Pope Gregory held a council at Rome Published decrees against nicolaitism, simony, and lay investiture Clerics who accepted investiture from laymen were to be deposed Laymen who invested clerics were to be excommunicated – The church’s penalty of excommunication relied for its effectiveness on public opinion – Henry IV in the Empire, William the Conqueror in England, and Philip I in France protested Why did the issue of lay investiture provoke the wrath of the Kings? Kings appointed monks and clerics as their administrators Rulers used church offices, bishoprics, and abbacies as the financial means with which to support royal governments The revenues of a diocese or monastery supplied the incomes for royal officials and their staffs The strongest reaction came from Germany Gregory accused Henry of lack of respect for the papacy and insisted that disobedience to the pope was disobedience to God In 1076 many of the German bishops who had been invested by Henry withdrew their allegiance from the pope – Gregory replied by excommunicating them and suspending Henry from the kingship – The Christmas season of 1076 witnessed an ironic situation in Germany; the Clergy supported the emperor and the nobility supported the pope Henry outwitted Gregory According to legend, Henry stood for 3 days in the snow seeking forgiveness As a priest, Gregory was obliged to grant absolution and to readmit the emperor to the Christian community In 1080 Gregory VII again excommunicated and deposed the emperor; in return, Henry invaded Italy, captured Rome, and controlled the city when Gregory died in 1085 Gregory’s successors encouraged Henry’s sons to revolt against their father In 1122, at a conference held at Worms, the issue was settled by a compromise Bishops were to be chosen according to canon law in the presence of the emperor or his delegate This allowed emperors an effective veto over ecclesiastical appointments The Papacy in the High Middle Ages Pope Urban II laid the foundations for the papal monarchy by reorganizing the central government of the Roman church, the chancery, and papal finances He recognized the college of cardinals as a definite consultative body These agencies combined with the papal chapel constituted the curia Romana Curia Romana – the papal court, the papacy’s administrative bureaucracy and its court of law The Roman curia had its greatest impact as a court of law As the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, it formulated canon law for all of Christiandom