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Invasion of Western
Roman Empire
Results
• Disrupts Trade
 Economies are destroyed
• Downfall of Cities
 Populations shift from
Urban to Rural
• Decline in Learning
• Loss of Common
Language
 Dialects create new
Order
Family ties and Personal Loyalty
Society
Small Communities
Unwritten laws and traditions
Chiefs
Band of Warriors
• Allegiance
• Rewarding Leaders
• Honor / Disgrace
Leader of the Franks in Gaul
Converts to Christianity
He and warriors are baptized
after major battle
511 A.D. Clovis unites all
Franks
Unites Frankish Kingdom
unite with the Church
Significance?
Germans spread the Faith
Conversions
Missionaries
Fear of Muslims in S. Europe
Monasteries and Converts
Monks – Male
Nuns – Female
Devote lives to prayer and good
works
Best educated communities
• Open schools, maintain
libraries, copy books
• Illuminated manuscripts
Pope Gregory I /
Gregory the Great
Broadens the
power of the
papacy
• becomes secular
 Church becomes
involved in politics
• Church responsible for
lands of Western
Europe
Small Kingdoms
emerge throughout
Europe
Major Domo
• Mayor of the Palace
• More powerful than the
king
• Powers:
 Official – in charge of
Royal household and
estates
 Unofficial – leader of
Army
Charles Martel
Battle of Tours
• Defeats Muslim Raiders
• Significance?
Extends Empire
• Passes power to son, Pepin the
Short
Pepin
Anointed by Pope, “King
by Grace of God”
Begins Carolingian Dynasty
Conquers lands to
South and East
Spreads Christianity
Named as Emperor by
Pope Leo III in 800
A.D.
“Roman Emperor”
Joins Germanic Power,
the Church, and
Roman Legacy
Strengthens Royal
Power
Limits Authority of
Nobles
Ensures
landholders govern
justly
Pushes education
Surrounds himself
with scholars
Death of
Charlemagne (814)
C’s Son, Louis is
very ineffective
• Louis’ sons divide
empire
• Power and central
authority are lost
 Results in Feudalism
Vikings
Raid
settlements in
N. Europe
Magyars
Raid villages
and
monasteries in
the East
Muslims
Invade Italy
and Spain
Outcome?
Invasions cause
disorder and
suffering
Kings cannot
protect the
people
• Local rulers with
armies gain
strength
Major Eras of European History
Classical Era (Greece and Rome) 500
B.C.- 600 A.D.
Middle Ages (time of knights and
castles) 500 A.D. – 1500 A.D.
Early Modern Era (time of powerful
kings and exploration) 1500 A.D. –
1776 A.D.
The Middle Ages were a
dangerous time in Europe
The strong empires of Rome and Greece
that protected trade routes and encouraged
science and personal liberties were fading
away.
The Roman empire not only had to fight the
plague but fight invaders from Europe and
Asia.
Genghis Kahn
Mongolian warrior
Vikings!
Battle of Hastings
In 1066, England was invaded by Normans
(Vikings from modern-day France) and
conquered all of England
William of Normandy helped create England
and codified feudalism (gave it the force of
law).
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
No more large cities, trade,
scholarship.
With all the disease, riots, outside
attacks and starvation people fled the
cities of the once strong Roman
empire.
In Europe, people now lived on manors,
self-sufficient communities consisting
of a castle, church, village and
surrounding farmlands.
The Lord’s Estate
“self-contained world”
• Completely self-sufficient
Harsh Life for Peasants
Taxed for everything
(paid Lord)
Tithe (10%) to church
Crammed living Quarters
Life Expectancy = 35
• Diseases were rampant
• Malnutrition
• Many children do not survive to
adulthood
Feudalism (political system)
The kings had lots of land; he
gave land to lords in exchange
for protection and $.
Lords gave their land to knights
in exchange for protection, $.
Knights let serfs work the land
and he would protect them.
Serfs / Peasants received food
and shelter.
Each person had rights and
responsibilities
Based on rights and
obligations
Lords
Vassals
Fief
Serfs
Feudal Structure
Social Classes
“Those who fight,
those who pray,
and those who
work.”
Epics and Romances
Beowulf
Song of Roland
Troubadours
• Love
• Heroism of Knights
• Define qualities of chivalry
Vernacular
• Increases literacy
• Dante
• Chaucer
Art
Gothic Architecture
Illuminated Manuscript
Chivalry- code of honor
Crusades
Pope Urban wanted to
reclaim the Holy Land
from Muslims.
Christian Knights were
promised land, riches, and
reward of heaven for
service.
Christians Win, then
Muslims Win, Draw…
3 Major Crusades,
followed by minor
crusades…
Why was Constantinople so
important geographically?
1095
Pope Urban II
Christianity Unifies European Kingdoms
Jerusalem
Holy Land for 3 religions
Adventure and wealth
1099
Jerusalem falls to the Christians
Significance?
Legacy?
Crusade II
Seljuks reconquer much of
Palestine
Crusade III
Saladin
Unifies all Muslims
Captures Jerusalem (1187)
Richard I (Richard the
Lionheart)
No clear winner
When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnage
began. The town of Lycea was captured and looted. Reports
told of babies cut to pieces. Old people were subjected to
every kind of torture. Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants of
Lycea were actually Christians…
Impact of the Crusades
Persecution of Jews
and Muslims
Economic
development via
trade
Kings and popes,
gained power as a
result.
The Culprits
The Famine of 1315-1317
 By 1300 Europeans were farming almost
all the land they could cultivate.
 A population crisis developed.
 Climate changes in Europe produced three
years of crop failures between 1315-17
because of excessive rain.
 As many as 15% of the peasants in some
English villages died.
 One consequence of
starvation & poverty
was susceptibility to
disease.
1347: Plague Reaches
Constantinople!
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
Lancing a Buboe
The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood
that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and
regurgitates blood
into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged
with bacteria.
Medieval Art & the Plague
Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession
with death.
Boccaccio in The Decameron
The victims ate lunch with their
friends and dinner with their
ancestors.
The Danse Macabre
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s
Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pograms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
Death Triumphant !:
A Major Artistic Theme
The Mortality
Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000
dead !!!
What were the
political,
economic,
and social effects
of the Black Death??
Role of Church in Middle Ages
Never was there a
time when the
Church was so
powerful in
Western
Civilization.
The Church was led
by popes. Priests
and nuns converted,
gave care to people
Monks
Spiritual Leaders
They lived in
monasteries that
acted like trade
schools
Transcribe the
Bible
The Medieval Catholic Church
 filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
 monasticism:
 St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
 provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
 inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
 libraries & scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts.
 monks  missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church
 bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 the church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
 curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
 tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
 Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person
[paid by the peasants].
A Medieval Monk’s Day
Role of Church
Since there were no
strong empires or
kingdoms the
Church was one
organization that
had respect and
power.
Popes were more
powerful than kings
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Churches and Cathedrals during
the Middle Ages
Parts of a Medieval Castle
Feudal Warfare!!!!
Trebuchets were used to hurl all
sorts of objects at the enemy.
Hundred Years’ War
1337-1453
England versus France
England:
• Want to keep French holdings
France
• Wants to unite all lands
Victory
• 1346 Crecy
• 1415 Agincourt
Success…
• Longbow (Armor Piercing)
Jean d’Arc
“Voices”
Charles VII
Leadership inspires
military
Problems with
Brits…
Regained all but 1
piece of territory
Important Middle Ages Technologies
Water Wheel
Eyeglasses
Mechanical Clock
Printing
Gutenberg
Gunpowder
Eyeglasses
Invented in Pisa 13th century
By 15th century Italy making thousands spectacles
Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine
instruments
Gauges
Micrometers
Fine wheel cutters
Precision tools
Mechanical Clock
Undermined Church authority
equal hours for day and night a new
concept
Resisted by the church for a century
Every town wanted one
Public clocks installed in towers
Conquerors seized as spoils of
war
Allowed individual autonomy
Work now measured by time
increased productivity
Bern, Switzerland
Heavier Plow
Blade can go deeper
Yokes/Harnesses
Horses replace oxen, (and
that’s no bull!)
Serfs
More Valuable
More mobile
Settle new lands
Create villages
Importance of
towns returns
International
trade is possible
Sea/ports
Roman road
system rebuilt
Guilds
Masters
Journeymen
Apprentice
Purpose of this
system?
Middle Class
Merchants
Artisans
Bankers
Money Economy
Money Changers
Determine value of varied exercises
Transfer funds
Arrange loans
Kings and high-class dependent on loans and
banking
Beginnings of Anti-semitism
Rebirth aided by trade routes
Walled cities
Wood
Stone
Guard towers
Narrow streets
Punishment
Close quarters
Poor sanitation
Result?
Gunpowder
Europeans improved
gunpowder to siege
castles
Europeans focused on
range and weight of
projectiles: siege warfare
With improved metal
casting, made world’s
best cannon
End of the Middle Ages
The end comes with
the “rebirth”
The Renaissance leads
to changes in every
facet of life…
Summary
The Roman Empire fell due to outside
attacks and disease (brought on by
trade)
The Middle Ages began as the Church
replaced governments as the central
authority.
Feudalism/ Manoralism came from people’s
need for protection. Each member had rights
and responsibilities.
Cultures interact through wars, such as the
Crusades, and trade ideas such as democratic
ideas or religious ideas
Any questions before the
quiz?
1. What 2 reasons did the Roman
empire cease to be a powerful
empire?
2. Name 2 examples of Rule of Law
3. What was the economic system
of the Middle Ages in Europe?
4. Under Feudalism, what
responsibility does a knight have?
What does he give in return?
5.In what year did William of
Normandy invade England?
6. What were the Crusades?
7. What era (time period) describes
the time of Greece and Rome?
8. What year was the Magna Carta
signed?