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Presentation Plus! Our World Today Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 Chapter Introduction Section 1 Classical Europe Section 2 Medieval Europe Section 3 The Beginning of Modern Times Reading Review Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Chapter Objectives • Describe the governments and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. • Explain the importance of religion in European history. • Outline events that defined the beginnings of the Modern Age. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This chapter discusses cultures that created the foundations for the government and culture of the United States. What do you know about ancient Greece and Rome? As you read the chapter, write down things you learn about Greece and Rome that were important achievements and why. Guide to Reading Main Idea Ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to Western culture and civilization. Terms to Know • classical • republic • polis • consul • democracy • Senate • philosophy • emperor Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Create a chart like the one on page 236 of your textbook. Write one fact that you already know about each category in the “Know” column. After reading the section, write one fact that you have learned about each category in the “Learn” column. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Objectives • Identify significant accomplishments of Greek culture. • Explain how Alexander spread Greek culture. • Describe the Roman system of government and law. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. The Golden Age of Greece • The Classical period of Greece reached its “Golden Age” in the 400s B.C. • By that time, the city-state, or polis, had grown from being ruled by a king to the almost direct rule of the people, or democracy. • Athens was the home of the world’s first democratic constitution. (pages 236–237) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Golden Age of Greece (cont.) • Athenian artists produced famous and influential works of philosophy, literature, and drama. • Three great philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. (pages 236–237) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Golden Age of Greece (cont.) • During this period, city-states like Athens and Sparta often fought against each other because they wanted to expand their empires. • In the 300s B.C. Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great, conquered all of Greece. (pages 236–237) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What lands were included in Alexander the Great’s empire, and how did he influence this empire? The empire included Persia and Egypt and stretched eastward into India. Alexander and his successors spread Greek culture everywhere, where it mixed with Persian and Egyptian culture. (pages 236–237) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Rise of Rome • Rome was settled sometime around 1000 B.C. and dominated much of the Italian Peninsula by 700 B.C. • The Romans were a mostly agricultural society and were less likely to live in cities. (pages 237–238) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Rise of Rome (cont.) • Rome started as a monarchy, but changed to a republic. • In a republic, people choose their leaders. (pages 237–238) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Rise of Rome (cont.) • The foundation of Roman law was the Twelve Tables. • The “tables” were actually bronze tablets on which laws regarding wills, courts, and property were recorded, and the laws applied to all citizens of Rome, both common and noble. (pages 237–238) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In Rome, who were the consuls and how were they chosen? Who were the senators? Rome was led by two consuls, individuals chosen by the people, who reported to the Senate. Members of the Senate were landowners who served for life. (pages 237–238) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 237–238) Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. From Republic to Empire • From 246 to 146 B.C. a series of wars transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. • The peoples conquered by Rome were given Roman citizenship and equality under the Roman law. (pages 238–239) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. From Republic to Empire (cont.) • Under the empire, senators lost power to emperors, or absolute rulers, of Rome. • Caesar Augustus was the first Roman Emperor, and he initiated the Pax Romana. (pages 238–239) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. From Republic to Empire (cont.) • Jesus Christ was born in Palestine. • Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the A.D. 300s. (pages 238–239) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. From Republic to Empire (cont.) • The Roman Empire began to decline in the early A.D. 300s. • Some of the causes were reform in government coming too late, plagues that killed many people, and the crumbling of the frontier defenses in the north. (pages 238–239) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What was the new technology of the Huns and how did it help them? The Huns introduced a new technology unknown to the Roman cavalry–the stirrup. The stirrup allowed the Huns to use their weapons while riding horses. (pages 238–239) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ D 1. term derived from Greek, meaning “love of wisdom” __ B 2. Greek term for city-state __ C 3. form of government in which citizens choose the nation’s leaders by voting for them __ E 4. nation with a strong national government headed by elected leaders __ A 5. relating to the ancient Greek and Roman world Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. classical B. polis C. democracy D. philosophy E. republic Recalling Facts Government In its democratic constitution, what two rights did Athens give all free males over the age of 20? All males over the age of 20 had the rights to vote and to speak freely. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) Culture Name four influences that Greece had on Roman culture. Art, religion, mythology, and the Latin alphabet influenced Roman culture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Information Why do you suppose some of Rome’s citizens wanted absolute rulers instead of elected senators? Possible answer: An absolute ruler can make decisions without having to discuss, debate, or compromise. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Making Connections What is one freedom that American democracy has today that was clearly not recognized in the Roman Empire? Possible answer: American democracy has freedom of religion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Social Studies Skills Making Inferences Why do you think the story of Romulus and Remus was created? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Close Research the art of Greece and Rome. Write a paragraph that describes how social issues influenced art there. Guide to Reading Main Idea The Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity, the growth of cities, and the growing powers of kings. Guide to Reading Terms to Know • bishop • vassal • pope • manor • missionary • tenant • monastery • serf • convent • guild • common law • apprentice • feudalism • charter Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Create a chart like the one on page 241 of your textbook. Fill in the chief duty or role of each of these members of society. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Objectives • Explain the importance of Christianity as a political influence in Medieval Europe. • Describe the medieval social and political systems. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. The Rise of Christianity • It was during the Middle Ages that Christianity in the form of the Roman Catholic Church became a political power in western Europe. • By the A.D. 500s, popes had become the leaders of the Church. (pages 241–242) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Rise of Christianity (cont.) • In eastern Europe, Christianity was known as Eastern Orthodoxy and was under the leadership of the emperors in Constantinople. • The early popes sent missionaries, teachers of Christianity, to every part of Europe. • Through its schools, the Christian Church greatly advanced learning in Europe. (pages 241–242) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Rise of Christianity (cont.) • Beginning in the A.D. 1000s, the Church sponsored a series of holy wars called the Crusades. (pages 241–242) What was the Church’s goal in the Crusades? It sent armies to capture Jerusalem in Palestine from the Islamic caliphs, or rulers. The Church also crusaded in northern and eastern Europe for about four centuries to spread Christianity. (pages 241–242) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Holy Roman Empire • The Germans combined their common law, the unwritten laws that come from local customs, with Roman law and founded kingdoms all over Europe– from Spain to England to Germany and Italy. • One of the most important German kingdoms was that of the Franks. • In 771 Charlemagne was elected king of the Franks. (page 242) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Holy Roman Empire (cont.) • On Christmas Day in the year 800, Charlemagne was proclaimed the protector of the Christian Church in the West and was crowned the head of the Roman Empire in the West, which became known as the Holy Roman Empire. (page 242) After Charlemagne’s death in 814, what happened to his empire? Charlemagne’s empire was inherited by his son and grandsons. It was broken up into several kingdoms, becoming the foundations for modern Germany, Italy, France, and Spain. (page 242) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Medieval Society • Most people during the Middle Ages were farmers who lived under feudalism. • Under feudalism, lords would give land to a noble or knight to work, govern, and defend. • In return, those who received the land swore loyalty to the lords and became their vassals. • The feudal estate and basic economic unit was called the manor. (pages 242–243) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Medieval Society (cont.) • Two types of farmers on the manor were tenants and serfs. • Serfs were not as free and usually poorer than tenant farmers. (pages 242–243) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What kinds of people might occasionally visit the manors? Sometimes people with special skills would visit the manors. Tinkers made a living by moving from estate to estate, patching pots or fixing other metal objects. Minstrels and other troubadours entertained by playing music, juggling, or acting as comedians, or fools. (pages 242–243) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Growth of Cities • Towns in the Middle Ages were fairly independent and free of the feudal lords’ control. • They served as centers of trade and manufacturing. • Manufacturing came under the control of workers’ organizations known as guilds. (page 244) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Growth of Cities (cont.) • Over time, some towns grew into cities and became political and religious centers as well. • Kings won the support of the townspeople by building great cathedrals and granting the residents privileges and freedoms in written documents called charters. (page 244) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. How did young people in the Middle Ages acquire job skills? Young workers, called apprentices, spent years learning a trade so they could join a guild. With experience, the apprentices became journeymen and eventually master craftsmen. (page 244) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ A 1. official of the Christian church A. bishop __ C 2. teacher of Christianity B. pope __ E 3. place where nuns live, pray, and study C. missionary __ B 4. head of the Roman Catholic Church __ D 5. place where monks live, pray, and study Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. D. monastery E. convent Recalling Facts History When was the first Christian Bible completed? The first Christian Bible was completed before A.D. 500. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) History What kind of work were most people involved in during the Middle Ages? Most people were involved in farming. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Evaluating Information Common laws were unwritten laws that came from local customs. What are the possible difficulties that can arise from having such unwritten laws? Possible answers: Laws are open to interpretation and may not be uniformly applied; different customs may conflict; as conditions change common law may no longer apply. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Analyzing Information Rome has been known as the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire. How do these labels signify major political changes? Political power changed from the citizens, to an absolute ruler, to a ruler of both the church and the state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Social Studies Skills Describing In three to four sentences, describe life on the manor for a common person. Use as many descriptive words (adjectives) as possible. Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Close Create a display of a manor and its lands. Guide to Reading Main Idea The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the period following the Middle Ages. Terms to Know • indulgences • revolution • Protestant • reform • divine right of kings • Columbian Exchange • constitution • Parliament Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Create a time line like the one on page 245 of your textbook. As you read, add the following terms to the line in the correct order. Protestant Reformation Age of Exploration American Revolution Renaissance French Revolution Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Objectives • Explain advances in arts, science, and nationhood achieved during the Renaissance. • Identify the causes of the Reformation. • Compare the causes and results of revolutions in the Americas and Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. The Renaissance • The growth of cities and trade and the gradual breakup of feudalism led to the end of the Middle Ages. • The Renaissance–sparked by an interest in education, art, and science– began around 1350 in cities of northern Italy and spread to other cities of Europe. • Curiosity and enthusiasm for life were at the heart of the Renaissance. (pages 245–246) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Renaissance (cont.) • Noted Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti. • During the Renaissance, writers began to use the language they spoke every day instead of Latin or French, the language of the educated. (pages 245–246) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Renaissance (cont.) • The printing press with moveable type was invented around 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg. • The printing press made books more numerous and less expensive, thereby encouraging more people to learn to read and write. • Western European rulers became more powerful. (pages 245–246) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. How were nations created during the Renaissance? As western European rulers became more powerful, they united their countries, creating nations based on a common language and culture. (pages 245–246) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Protestant Reformation • Some people during the Renaissance believed that Church leaders were more interested in wealth than religion. • Others disagreed with corrupt practices of the Church. • Because these Christians “protested” Catholic teachings, they came to be called Protestants. • The movement to reform, or change, the Catholic Church was called the Protestant Reformation. (pages 246–247) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Protestant Reformation (cont.) • Two Protestant leaders were Martin Luther, who organized his own new Christian Church that taught in German, and John Calvin, whose followers included the American Pilgrims. (pages 246–247) Why did people come to the Protestant cause? Many came to the Protestant cause seeking not only greater religious freedom, but also political, economic, and intellectual freedom. (pages 246–247) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Age of Exploration • By the mid-1400s, Europe began to reach out beyond its boundaries in a great age of discovery and exploration. • In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain sent an Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, westward across the Atlantic searching for another way to Asia. (page 247) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Age of Exploration (cont.) • The Dutch, English, and French soon joined the Spanish and Portuguese in exploring and settling and trading with the Americas, Asia, and Africa. • Eventually–in addition to trade goods–people, diseases, and ideas were distributed around the world in a process called the Columbian Exchange. (page 247) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Who were the laborers for the new settlers in the Americas? Native Americans were used as laborers on plantations and in mines. In their place, traders eventually transported more than 20 million Africans to the Americas as enslaved persons, until the slave trade was outlawed in the early 1800s. (page 247) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Revolution • A revolution is a great and often violent change. • In America, the colonies won freedom from their European mother countries. • In Europe, people fought for freedom from their kings, queens, and nobles. (pages 247–249) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Revolution (cont.) • Toward the end of the eighteenth century, people came to feel that they should play a greater, more direct role in government. • John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau believed the government should serve the people and protect them and their freedom. (pages 247–249) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Revolution (cont.) • In Britain, kings and queens were forced to accept a constitution, a plan for government that shared power, but gave most of it to the Parliament. • In the 1770s, the American colonies revolted against European control and became a model for many revolutions in Europe and the Americas. • The French Revolution stimulated other peoples to demand more personal and political control over their lives. (pages 247–249) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? Napoleon Bonaparte was a military hero of the French Revolution who became the dictator, the absolute leader, of France. He declared himself emperor of a new French Empire in 1804. Eventually, people almost everywhere in Europe reacted against him and went to war against France. Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815. (pages 247–249) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ C 1. to improve by changing A. indulgences __ A 2. pardons for sins, given or sold by the Catholic Church B. Protestant __ E 3. great and often violent change D. Columbian Exchange __ D 4. process in which people, diseases, ideas, and trade were distributed around the world from the Americas __ B 5. person who “protested” Catholic practices; today, a member of a non-Catholic Christian church Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. C. reform E. revolution Recalling Facts History What was the movement to reform the Catholic Church called? The Reformation was the movement to reform the Catholic Church. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) People Who is known as the “father of printing in the Western world”? Johannes Gutenberg is known as the “father of printing in the Western world.” Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Examining Results Describe the effects of the process called the Columbian Exchange. The movement of goods and ideas also brought diseases, which killed Native Americans. To replace their labor, Africans were brought to America as slaves. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Making Connections How might a revolution in one country encourage political changes around the world? The success of revolutionaries in one country may encourage revolutionary changes elsewhere. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Social Studies Skills Identifying Why do you suppose the period known as the Renaissance was considered a “rebirth”? Interest in art, science, and culture were “reborn” after being in decline during the Middle Ages. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Close Create a three-column chart with the headings “Renaissance,” “Reform,” and “Revolution.” Fill in the chart with important events and people from this section. Section 1: Classical Europe Main Idea Ancient Greece and Rome made important contributions to Western culture and civilization. • Government The world’s first democratic constitution was written in Athens. • History Alexander the Great conquered all of Greece. • History Rome grew from Republic to Empire. • Religion Christianity spread over the Roman world. • History The Roman Empire was invaded by Germanic peoples and declined. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2: Medieval Europe Main Idea The Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity, the growth of cities, and the growing powers of kings. • Religion The Roman Catholic Church became a political power in western Europe. • History The first Christian Bible was completed by A.D. 500. • History Charlemagne was crowned head of the Roman Empire in the West and proclaimed Protector of the Christian church in the West. • Government Feudalism was the medieval political and social system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3: The Beginning of Modern Times Main Idea The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the period following the Middle Ages. • Culture Important cultural achievements in the arts and learning spread throughout Europe in the period known as the Renaissance. • History Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. • Government Countries formed into nations based on a common language and culture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3: The Beginning of Modern Times (cont.) Main Idea The study of science, art, and education was renewed in the period following the Middle Ages. • Religion The Protestant faith emerged in protest to the Roman Catholic Church. • History Christopher Columbus set sail across the Atlantic. • Government Revolution erupted in the Americas and Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ B 1. unwritten laws from customs A. emperor F 2. “protested” Catholic teachings __ B. common law __ H 3. “love of wisdom” C. feudalism __ J 4. workers’ organization D. apprentice __ C 5. medieval political and social system E. indulgences F. Protestants __ D 6. young worker learning a trade G. polis G 7. city-state __ H. philosophy __ A 8. absolute ruler I. missionary J. guild Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ I 9. teacher of Christianity A. emperor __ E 10. freed owners from punishment for sins B. common law C. feudalism D. apprentice E. indulgences F. Protestants G. polis H. philosophy Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. I. missionary J. guild Section 1 Classical Europe Government Where was the first democratic constitution written? The first democratic constitution was written in Greece. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1 Classical Europe History Who conquered all of Greece? Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great, conquered all of Greece. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1 Classical Europe Religion Which religion spread all over the Roman world? Christianity spread all over the Roman world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Medieval Europe Religion Which religious group became a political power in western Europe? The Roman Catholic Church became a political power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Medieval Europe Economics Explain the difference between vassals and serfs. Vassals were knights or nobles who received land and swore loyalty to a lord; serfs were poor farmers who in return for use of land, seeds, tools, and protection had to work as ordered by the lords of the manor. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Medieval Europe Government Name the political and social system in medieval Europe. Feudalism was the political and social system in medieval Europe. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3 The Beginning of Modern Times History What did Johannes Gutenberg invent? He invented a printing press with movable type. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3 The Beginning of Modern Times Religion Which faith emerged out of protest to the Catholic Church? The Protestant faith emerged out of protest to the Catholic Church. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3 The Beginning of Modern Times History What is Christopher Columbus historically known for? He is known for being the first to “discover” America. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Place Location Activity Match the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below. H ___ 1. Alexandria F ___ 2. Macedonia I ___ 3. Mediterranean Sea G ___ 4. Constantinople J ___ 5. Black Sea A ___ 6. Greece D ___ 7. Athens B ___ 8. Rome C ___ 9. Tiber River E ___ 10. Sparta Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Directions: Read the paragraphs below, and then answer the question on the following slide. The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games in Olympia every four years. The games were a religious festival in honor of Zeus, the Greeks’ chief god. Trading and wars stopped while the games took place. The first Greek calendar began with the supposed date of the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. Athletes came from all over the Greek-speaking world to compete. Only male athletes, however, were allowed to take part, and women were not permitted even as spectators. Olympic events at first consisted only of a footrace. Later, the broad jump, the discus throw, boxing, and wrestling were added. The Greeks crowned Olympic winners with wreaths of olive leaves and held parades in their honor. 1. From the paragraphs, which of the following statements about Greek culture is NOT correct? F G H J The Greeks valued individual achievements. The Greeks believed in many gods. The Greeks believed in being healthy. The Greeks discouraged individual glory. Test-Taking Tip: Read all the choices carefully before choosing the one that does NOT describe Greek culture. Eliminate answers that you know are incorrect. For example, all the Olympic events were performed by individuals, not by teams. Therefore, answer F does describe Greek culture. The question, however, is asking for the statement that does NOT describe Greek culture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The revolution in this country began in 1789 and stimulated revolutionary change in Latin American and Europe. What country is it? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Our World Today: People, Places, and Issues Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://owt.glencoe.com Maps Classical Europe Medieval Europe c. 1200 A.D. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide. Great Britain Great Britain does not celebrate an Independence Day like the Fourth of July. However, Guy Fawkes Day, November 5, is celebrated in England with fireworks and bonfires. It marks the anniversary of an unsuccessful plot to blow up the British parliament. According to a Medieval saying “City air makes one free.” Legally, if a serf lived in a city for a year and a day he was free. Using B.C. and A.D. Cultures throughout the world have based their dating systems on significant events in their history. For example, Islamic countries use a dating system that begins with Muhammad’s flight from Makkah to Madinah. For Western cultures, the most important event was the birth of Jesus Christ. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Using B.C. and A.D. Learning the Skill About 515, a Christian monk developed a system that begins dating from anno Domini, Latin for “the year of the Lord.” Although some historians believe that the monk made a small mistake in his figuring of the exact year of Christ’s birth, his system of dating has lasted. Events before the birth of Christ, or “B.C.,” are figured by counting backward from A.D. 1. There was no year “0.” The year before A.D. 1 is 1 B.C. Notice that “A.D.” is written before the date, while “B.C.” is written following the date. Using B.C. and A.D. Practicing the Skill Study the time line of Classical Europe to answer the questions on the following slides. Using B.C. and A.D. 1. How old was Plato when he became a student of Socrates? He was 20 years old. 2. For how long did Alexander the Great rule? Alexander the Great ruled for 13 years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Using B.C. and A.D. 3. How old was Julius Caesar when he was assassinated? Julius Caesar was 56 years old when he was assassinated. 4. Who was emperor nearly 500 years after the rule of Alexander the Great? Marcus Aurelius was emperor nearly 500 years after the rule of Alexander the Great. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Leonardo da Vinci The Italian Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance. He painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, two of the world’s best-known paintings. He was also a talented architect, engineer, and inventor. Read the text on page 250 of your textbook and answer the questions on the following slides. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio again. Leonardo da Vinci 1. What are two of Leonardo’s best-known works? The Mona Lisa and the Last Supper are two of his best-known works. 2. Why might Leonardo have written his notebooks in mirror writing? Perhaps he did this to keep others from stealing his ideas, to hide them from the Church, or to keep the pages neat and unsoiled by smeared ink. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Leonardo da Vinci 3. Understanding Cause and Effect In what way did Leonardo’s interest in the world around him influence his work? He used knowledge gained from his study of nature to make his paintings more realistic. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Items include jewelry and expensive fabrics. Only wealthy families made portraits of their children. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.