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THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Feudalism, Chivalry, and the Catholic Church
OBJECTIVES
1. Objective
1.
The student will be
demonstrate
knowledge of Western
Europe during the
Middle Ages from
about 500 to 1000
C.E. in terms of its
impact on Western
civilization by
1.
Explaining the structure
of feudal society and its
economic, social, and
political effects
Essential Questions
 How did feudal society
develop in Europe
during the Middle
Ages?
 How did the medieval
manor function as a
social and economic
system?
INVASIONS AFTER CHARLEMAGNE
Between 800 and
1000 invasions
completely
destroyed the
Carolingian Empire
 Vikings
 Magyars
 Muslims
VIKINGS
 From Scandinavia
 Germanic people
 Also called Norsemen
 Characteristics
 Worshipped war-like gods
 Terrifying and violent
 Attacked using ingenious
long ships
 Traders, farmers, and
explorers
 Believed to have reached
North America 500 years
before Columbus
 End of the Viking terror
 Around 1000 C.E. the
Vikings gradually accepted
Christianity
 Warming trend made
farming easier in
Scandinavia
VIKING LONGSHIPS
MAGYARS AND MUSLIMS
The Magyars
 Nomadic people from
Central Asia
 Invaded Western Europe
around 800 C.E.
 Characteristics
 Superb horseback riders
 Invaded land to capture
people to sell as slaves
The Muslims
 Came from the South,
from Mediterranean
region
 Attempted to invade in
600 and 700s
 Characteristics
 Excellent sailors
 Attacked mainly along
settlements close to the
sea
 Both the Atlantic and
Mediterranean
CONSEQUENCES OF INVASIONS
 Invasions caused widespread
panic and disorder
 Most Western Europeans lived
in constant danger
 Central authority was
powerless
 People turned to local rulers with
their own armies for protection
 Seeking protection, people
entered into feudal
agreements establishing a
social, economic, and
political order in the Middle
Ages.
 Landholding and protection were
critical elements in a feudal
system.
FEUDALISM
Collapse of local
authority created need
for a new system of
local governments
Feudal contract:
 Local ruler swore
allegiance to monarchs
in return for control over
land and peasants
KINGS/ QUEENS
In the Middle Ages,
Monarchs did not rule
large kingdoms.
Monarchs lacked
wealth to maintain
own armies for
defense or to pay
sheriffs. Judges, or
other officials to
govern for them and
collect taxes.
Instead, Monarchs
relied on feudal
alliances with their
nobles to guarantee
the protection and
unity of their kingdom
and the collection of
taxes.
TERMS
 Fief:
 Plots of land given to
nobles for service and
loyalty
 Often divided
 Contained one or many
manors
 Vassal:
 Nobles who accepted fiefs
 Giver of land became
vassal’s “lord”
KNIGHTS
Mounted warriors
 Owed loyalty to lord
 In return given food,
shelter, weapons
Supposed to follow
code of chivalry
 Rules by which knight
should live
CODE OF CHIVALRY
T o f ear God and maintain His
Church
T o serve the liege lord in valor
and f aith
T o protect the we ak and
def enseless
T o give assistance to wido ws and
orphans
T o refrain f rom the meaningless
giving of offence
T o live by honor and f or glory
T o despise f inancial reward
T o f ight f or the welf are of all
T o obey those placed in authority
T o guard the honor of f ellow
knights
T o avoid unf airness, meanness
and deceit
T o keep f aith
At all times to speak the truth
T o persevere to the end in any
venture begun
T o respect the honor of wo men
Never to ref use a challenge f rom
an equal
Never to turn the back upon a
f oe.
CHIVALRY
Knights expected to
display courage in
battle and loyalty to
their lord
Tournaments
By 1100s code of
chivalry created
Reality of warfare
 Knights had three
masters
 Earthly lord
 Heavenly lord
 Chosen lady
 Mock battles
 Combined combat
training with recreation
 Castle siege difficult
 Defenders poured boiling
water, hot oil, or molten
lead on soldiers
 Expert archers armed with
crossbows that could
pierce armor
CHIVALRY
 Glorification of
knighthood
 Epic poetry
 Recounted a hero’s deeds
and adventures
 The Song of Roland one of
the most famous
 Defeat of Muslims by the Franks
led by Roland
 Love songs
 Troubadours were poetmusicians who composed
songs about the joys and
sorrows of romantic love
 Created entertainment at
Castles
SERFS (PEASANTS)
 Farmed land and
tended livestock
 Worked hard
 Wealth of the lord came
from labor of the peasants
 Lived in harsh
conditions
 Not slaves
 Bound to the land
 Lords could not buy or sell
 Could not lawfully leave
the place where they were
born
MANOR LIFE
 A Manor was a lord’s estate
 Manor system was basic
economic arrangement
during the Middle Ages
 Harsh life
 Peasants paid a high price for
protection
 Paid a tax on all grain ground in
the lord’s mill
 Paid a tax on marriage
 Had to have lord’s consent first
 Self-Contained
 Covered only a few square miles
 Consisted of the lord’s manor
house, a church, and workshops
 15-30 families lived in the village
on a manor
 Fields, pastures, and forests
surrounded the village
 Self-sufficient
 Serfs/peasants raised or produced
everything needed for daily life
 Only outside purchases were salt,
iron, and unusual objects.
 Owed the village priest a tithe
 Church tax, 1/10th of income
 Role of Women
 While knights placed
noblewomen on a pedestal to be
worshipped, the reality was that
most women were still poor and
powerless
 Noblewomen could inherit and
estate from her husband and ran
the manor while husband was
away
THE CHURCH
 With government weak, the
church emerged as a powerful
institution
 Scope of Church authority
 Two swords analogy
 Pope wielded a spiritual sword
 Emperor wielded a political sword
 Each should bow to the other over
political and religious matters
 Church Structure
 Distribution of power based on
status
 Different ranks of clergy (religious
officials)
 Pope
 Bishops
 Priests
 Unifying force
 Provided security during the
dangerous middle ages
 Middle Ages named the “Age of
Faith”
 Sacraments (important religious
ceremonies) part of everyday life
 Weekly church attendance
 Church justice
 Created a system of justice called
cannon law (law of the church)
 Harshest punishments
 Excommunication
 interdict
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
 After the death of
Charlemagne the
strongest kingdom was
the Holy Roman Empire
 Led by Otto I
 Crowned King of medieval
Germany in 936 C.E.
 Charlemagne was his hero
 Formed close alliance with
the church
 Invaded Italy on Pope’s
behalf in 962 C.E.
 Pope crowned him Emperor
 Empire covered modernday Germany and parts of
France and Italy
CONCORDAT OF WORMS
 The church began to
resent the control Kings
had over the clergy
 Especially lay investiture
 A ceremony in which kings
and nobles appointed church
officials
 The Pope banned the
practice in 1075 C.E.
 Led to argument between
Pope and Emperor Henry IV
 Pope excommunicated
Henry
 Henry traveled to Canossa,
Italy to beg forgiveness
 Concordat of Worms
 Compromise between the
church and the emperor
that the church alone could
grant a bishop power BUT
the emperor could veto the
appointment if he did not
approve
FREDERICK I
 1152 C.E. Frederick
“Barbarossa” became
Holy Roman Emperor
 Did not focus on
building royal power in
Germany but on
invading cities of Italy
 Angered Italian merchants
and the Pope
 Formed a league against
him called the Lombard
league
 1176 C.E. Battle of
Legnano
 Foot soldiers faced off
against Frederick’s
mounted knights
 First time in history foot
soldiers defeated mounted
knights using crossbows.
OBJECTIVES
1. Objective
1.
The student will be
demonstrate
knowledge of Western
Europe during the
Middle Ages from
about 500 to 1000
C.E. in terms of its
impact on Western
civilization by
1.
Explaining the structure
of feudal society and its
economic, social, and
political effects
Essential Questions
 How did feudal society
develop in Europe
during the Middle
Ages?
 How did the medieval
manor function as a
social and economic
system?