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Serfs Up – Catch a Wave to the Middle Ages Let your mind drift back in time to a time before organized government, A time when Men were Men… Man was … Free, independent, owned property Governed by laws of nature Independent of others until – da, da, da, da, Barbarians attackedLand, lives, property taken by force Workin’ for the man This marked the fall of Rome and really - the fall of Just about everything Time in Question Roughly between 500 - 1500 Civilization as man knew it – ended But what goes on during those 1,000 years that we’re interested in What’s in a name? Middle Ages – Dark Ages – Feudalism – “ism” - Belief in the feudal way of life a political and economic way of governing land based upon relationship of lord to vassal What ever we call it Feudalism worked – It kept the peace Restored order and reintroduced a system of laws and government But how did civilization fall? I’LL TRY TO TELL YA - Once the Roman Empire Fell Roads fell apart no Roman army there to keep em up Traveldangerous, hard, slow, sold only to local markets Stores closedless people to sell to Unemploymentleft city to go into the country City populationdecline, and cities almost disappeared Money – not used, barter for goods No trade no exchange of cultural ideas World of the Middle Ages was reduced to a few miles from your place of birth Decline of Learning and Culture Education and the arts destroyed Needs were day to day, no higher form Let’s Review Reasons for Feudalism Weak governments couldn’t protect the people People give up land for protection warlords provided what governments couldn’t peace and protection Feudalism – a new system of government restored order and peace – but with a price Decline of Strong Government Rulers failed to provide protection no standing armies Land taken over by wandering bands of thugs Man began to - Fight back, Communities were formed Safety Growth Majority rule General good Leaders stepped up War lords step up and promise protection for a price Mercenaries – hired guns if you will Eventually they accept his rule Over time war lord and family seen as legitimate rulers “Divine Right of Kings” Biggest, strongest Birth right Father to son Unquestioned Unchallenged Selected by God to rule Understanding – between warlord and peasant Land for protection You live on the, farm the land and the produce from the land turned over to the lord as taxes Contract – meeting of the minds between two parties 1. Peasants gave up freedom to a degree 2. Rulers gave protection All for a price For protection you oweTaxes – Service – Homage - Born to Serf Part of the land 95% of the population Not a slave Lord’s land 3-4 days a week “One year and a day” - Governing the land Too much for one man “Fief” – land given as a gift “Vassal”- one receiving the land Vassal is able to pass the land down to his children and the contract continues over the generations “Contract” between lord and his vassal Blessed by the Church Clump of sod blessed and passed from lord to vassal Vassal’s Contract Loyalty Military service – 90 days Payment – taxes or crops More land means more money and power Subinfeudation – vassal divides land becomes a lord to those he gave land to- he is their lord, they own him, loyalty, service, payment Subinfeudation One of the few ways a lesser lord or knight gains power Lord knows land is divided Rightful share – he’s cool English king for a time was a vassal to the French king Normandy- northern France was held by England English king was a vassal to the French king Made it socially awkward when the two countries fought each other Henry V of England’s coat of arms Rigid Fixed Classes Nobles – 5%, upper class and Church members Little upward growth- once a member, always a member Birth – determines everything as well as when you left the womb Marriage – economic and political gain “Dowry” – money or land Love had nothing to do with it – “courtly love” Eldest son gets it all name, land, cha-ching Power to have it all Other sons – still nobility knight clergy Manorial System Not the best system, but it did work Basic community unit Small – self sufficient pockets of political power Agriculture – dominant form of economy Ladies – you have little if any rights! Prearranged marriage - very early Union between families Join lands Have children Peasants – Barter Degree of love involved More freedom Approval of the lord Low output on farm land serfs given scattered strips of land poor equipment – wooden plow, hoes, sickles no crop rotation – “fallow”- 3 field system Vassal- lord of his land Owes- service, taxes, homage “Manor house” – lord’s home Over two hundred years of slow change Economics Social Political Intellectual Artistic Greater degree of peace allowed for growth Castle Keep – Main tower One door, spiral stairs, narrow/light on the right side Strongest point of castle Storerooms on ground floor Prison and drinking well in basement Battlements with walkways surround tower Main living area Floor – covered with rushes warmth, cover dirt Tapestries- decoration, drafts Lighting- torches, candles Little furniture- kept against the wall, tables- boards on trestles, taken down and stacked General sleeping area for minor guests Meals in the Great Hall Table set in “U” shape lord and guest sat at “dais”- raised platform Servers and entertainment in the center Washed hands and shared food Bring your own knife – no other utensils forks not until the 1300’s “Mess”- sharing dishes and food with guests lord’s table – had the only salt, locked in iron cupboard – “Above the salt” Cut your own plate – stale bread, “trencher” Cut meat – pass the knife Wipe hands on bread and then table cloth Try not to touch dogs – flees Lesser guests- sat further down from the lord lesser of all guests – very far left side of lord Lots of meat and veggies – thick stews served on trenchers – ate the plate when finished Better food might be passed down to other guests 1 pound of bread a day Silver, pewter for honored guests wood or earthenware for others Role of the Catholic Church Kings- vassals to the Church Part of nobility Religious were wealthy Monasteries very wealthy Common threads of the Middle Ages Europe became Christian taught barbarians higher code of morality and behavior Christians scribes – conservation of Greco-Roman Latin medium of communication Monks lived apart from society – Priests lived within Benedictine Rule Mix of manual and intellectual work Manuscripts, hospitals, schools Government advisers, secretaries, diplomats Major religious orders Benedictines – St. Benedict Franciscans – St. Francis Dominicans – St. Dominic Importance of the Bible Faith Education Laws One monk 20 years to copy one Bible Vellum and parchment - animal skins. Vellum - skin of a young calf. All other writing material made from skins is termed parchment. Medieval manuscript illuminators mainly embellished capitals and placing artwork around the borders of most pages Start of the university system A university was not a physical space but a collection of individuals banded together Cannon law, business administration, logic, speech, theological discussion and accounting to more effectively control finances University of Bologna- 1088 University of Paris- 1150 University of Oxford- 1096 University of Cambridge- 1209 Bologna students hired and paid for the teachers Paris teachers were paid by the church Oxford and Cambridge predominantly supported by the crown and the state Universities evolved from much older monasteries Concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer Relatively few could boast true intellectuals Classes were taught wherever space was available Students had legal protection of the church No physical harmonly tried for crimes in a church court, and were thus immune from any corporal punishment Free rein in the cities to break the laws with impunity, Produced many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not uncommon among students who did not face serious consequences Not So Dark Ages Banking Universities Common Law Middle class Rise of town life Revived economically trade grew population boom social improvements Expansion of old towns building increased more jobs extra cash to spend Three social classes the clergy the nobility the peasantry Creation of an artisan or merchant class In time they became the middle class or bourgeoisie Trade and travel safer Culture and ideas were exchanged World began to grow Merchant class engaged in manufacturing and trade Trade Guilds Skilled and unskilled workers Apprentice Journeyman Master License must be bought and few could pay – many free Journeymen than Master Craftsmen Middle Class Wanted Larger role in politics New business techniques Invest surplus money Commercial revolution From rural and farm to urban and industrial society Hopes of independence of lord’s jurisdiction Towns people represented radical force for change Demanded larger role in political matters Medieval Courts of Law Royal Courts of Law Punished criminals reduced violence increased royal income Weakened feudal barons strengthen royal authority Increased respect for law itself Lords will borrow money from merchants – begin to lose power 1215 Magna Carta Lord no longer all powerful English Common Law and the Jury System became key players in Anglo-American law Magna Carta – contains the principle that there is an authority higher than the king to which he must also answer to --- The Law No one is above the Law Embedded in the Western political consciousness English Common Law English Common Law Unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions Court looks to past rulings in past similar cases The body of similar examples is called "common law“ Binds future decisions of relevant courts Exercise of common law often involved juries – Local people to answer questions of fact Foundation of the Anglo-American Jurisprudence King called members of leading classes to meet start of representative assemblies Methods of Proclaiming Guilt or Innocence Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience Classically, the test is one of life or death and the proof of innocence is survival Ordeal of fire typically required that the accused walk a certain distance, usually nine feet, over red-hot coals or holding a red-hot iron Wound was bandaged and re-examined three days later, If innocent, the wound was healing, if festering taken as a sign from God of guilt and suspect executed Ordeal of boiling water required the accused to dip his hand in a kettle of boiling water and retrieve a stone. Wound was bandaged and re-examined three days later If innocent, the wound was healing, if festering taken as a sign from God of guilt and suspect executed The ordeal of cold water has a precedent in the Code of Hammurabi A millstone was tied to the neck of the accused and thrown into a body of water If he surfaced he was innocent for the waters did not suck him down since the weight of the crime did not press upon his soul Trial by Combat settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right. The Course of Empire THOMAS COLE The Savage State Far shore a clearing cluster of wigwams - future city Mountain appears in every painting Storm clouds. - nature is supreme Primitive man - nomadic hunter Wounded deer - man’s efforts to dominate nature Cluster of wigwams - the nucleus of the city Mountain appears in every painting Storm clouds – powerful, nature is supreme Primitive man - nomadic hunter Injured deer - man’s efforts to dominate nature Primitive canoes – development of transportation Man - banded together for the mutual necessities – protection, sustenance, and worship. Pastoral State Boy draws a primitive stick figure of the woman holding a spinning distaff, symbolizing the origins of drawing and painting A tree stump, clearly cut by humans, - negative effects of civilization Men and women dancing - beginning of music A permanent settlement - Smoke – house – human control over nature for domestic purposes. Mounted horsemen - human control over animals, also future military development Advanced ships, foreshadowing the beginnings of sea trade and expansion A woman in classical clothing, carrying a spindle and distaff (a rod for winding thread), may be mythological figure Clotho, spinner of fate Left of center - soldier in armor - coming of military conflict Consummation Viewpoint shifts to the opposite shore, approximately the site of the clearing in the first painting Scarlet-robed king or victorious general crosses a bridge in a triumphal procession. Manmade structures cover the mountain, completely subject to human domination Spears and other military garb suggest a thoroughly militarized society. Athena symbolizes war and victory Cole’s signature carved into the stone suggests detached observation like scholar The potted plant symbolizes human control over nature The scholar like Cole records history as it happens, Cole created another kind of record through pictures Destruction Almost the same point of view as the third, artist has stepped back a bit to allow a wider scene of the action, and moved almost to the center of the river Fleet of enemy warriors has overthrown the city’s defenses, sailed up the river, and is busily burning the city and killing and raping its inhabitants Bridge which the procession had crossed is broken, a makeshift crossing strains under the weight of soldiers and refugees In the foreground a statue of some hero stands headless, still striding forward into the uncertain future, reminiscent of the hunter in the first painting Mountain becomes more visible again, asserting the return of nature Nature echoes the chaos of the empire’s destruction in the form of storm clouds, wind, and fire. Temple’s porch becomes the base for a catapult, indicating that the violence of civilization has corrupted art and religion. Ships that once promoted trade and exploration now burn and sink Woman fleeing from a soldier throws herself into the harbor, indicating the collapse of civilization into sexual violence. Desolation shows the results, years later Remains of the city in the light of a dying day The landscape has begun to return to wilderness, No human seen Remnants of their architecture is seen The sunrise of the first painting is mirrored here by a moonrise Civilization has fallen, and the mountain has returned to its natural state and is reestablished as a key feature The moon confirms the completing the cycle begun with The Savage Nature is slowly reclaiming the ruins of the empire Architectural fragments have a melancholy beauty. Agricultural Revolution Horse collar Better use of land New land cultivated Food production increased tremendously Population explosion