Download European Middle Ages, Black Death, Renaissance, Hundred Years

European Middle Ages, Black
Death, Renaissance, Hundred
Years War, Era of Discovery,
Reformation
AP World History
Ch. 9, 14, 15, 16
• When Rome
collapsed @ 500
A.D. Europe
experienced
disorder and chaos.
• The Germanic
• Tribes were brutal:
murdering,
plundering, and
slavery.
• Europe fell into
disrepair.
Cities ceased to exist.
Villagers stayed in
their own areas.
Farming became less
productive.
• Starvation was
common.
• 4 out of 5 children
died in infancy.
• People forgot how
to be civilized –
forgot how to read.
• During this time,
Europe was cut off
from advanced
civilizations in the
Middle East, China,
and India.
• Germanic tribes
divided Western
Europe into many
small kingdoms.
•
The Germanic
peoples
• had no cities or
written laws.
• elected kings to
lead them in war.
• Rewarded warrior
nobles who swore
loyalty to the king
with weapons and
loot.
• The Franks were
the strongest of
the Germanic
tribes. Clovis,
king of the
Franks,
conquered Gaul
and then
converted to
Christianity, the
religion of the
people in Gaul.
•
By
doing so, he gained
a powerful ally in the
Christian Church of
Rome.
• Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
• In the 5th century, Roman
Empire broke down. Europe was
politically fragmented, with
Germanic kings ruling a number
of dissimilar kingdoms.
• Western Europe continued to
suffer invasions -- Muslim Arabs
and Berbers took the Iberian
Peninsula and pushed into
• Vikings attacked England,
France.
France, and Spain in the late
• 8th century, the Carolingians
8th and 9th centuries.
united various Frankish
kingdoms into a larger empire. At • Vikings also settled Iceland
and Normandy, from which
its height, under Charlemagne,
the empire included Gaul and
the Norman William the
parts of Germany and Italy. The
Conqueror invaded England
empire was subdivided by
in 1066. (Battle of Hastings)
Charlemagne’s grandsons and
was never united again.
• Coast of NW France
became home to a tribe
of Vikings in 911 after
the Frankish king,
Charles the Simple,
struck a bargain with the
marauding, seafaring
Vikings.
• Deciding it would be
• Charles surrendered
easier and less
a coastal region of
destructive to grant land
thick forests, rolling
from his kingdom to the
hills, and rich
Vikings rather than face
pastures
to
the
their invasions--
Normans.
• The Normans
recognized Charles as
their king and agreed to
convert to Christianity.
• The Vikings
intermarried with local
women, and adopted •
the French language.
• Normandy was a land of
pastures where horses
thrived. The Normans
•
became expert riders.
Such horse-bound fighting
men developed into an
elite group of military
servants to their king
known as knights.
Knights soon became the
standard warriors of kings
across Europe.
Dominance of English
• Indo-European / offspring of proto-Germanic
• 5th – 6th centuries:
– migration of Danish, North German Frisian, Jutes, Angles, and
Saxons
– many dialects, West Saxon dominated (Standard Old English)
• 1066: Norman Conquest
– in 11th century French dominated nobility
• 1204: tie with France severed
– Middle English (French enriched)
• 15th – 16th centuries: Early Modern English
• A Self-Sufficient
Economy
• economic transformation
included de-urbanization
and a decline in trade.
• Self-sufficient farming
estates called manors
were the primary centers
of agricultural
production. Manors grew
from the need for selfsufficiency and selfdefense.
• The lord of a manor had
almost unlimited power
over his agricultural
workers—the serfs.
• Need for military security led to new
military technology: the stirrup, bigger
horses, armor and weapons of the
knight.
• Equipment was expensive, knights
therefore needed land to support
themselves.
• Kings & nobles granted land (a fief)
to a man in return for a promise to
supply military service. By the 10th
century, these fiefs had become
hereditary.
• Kings were weak because they
depended on their vassals—who
might very well hold fiefs from and be
obliged to more than one lord.
• For most medieval people,
Vassals held most of a king’s realm,
the lord’s manor was the
and most of the vassals granted
government.
substantial parts of land to their
vassals.
• Noble women were pawns
• Kings and nobles had limited ability
in marriage politics.
to administer and tax their realms.
Women could own land,
Their power was further limited by
however, and non-noble
their inability to tax the vast
women worked alongside
landholdings of the Church.
the men.
• The Law of the Church
• The Church has system of
justice to guide people’s
conduct
• All medieval Christians
expected to obey canon
law—Church law
• Canon law governs
marriages and religious
practices
• Popes have power over
political leaders through
threat of excommunication
—banishment from Church,
denial of salvation
• -interdiction—king’s
subjects denied
sacraments and services
• Kings and emperors
expected to obey pope’s
commands
• The Church and the Holy
Roman Empire
• Otto I Allies with the Church
• Otto I (Otto the Great) is
crowned king of Germany in
936
• Limits strength of nobles with
help of clergy
• Gains support of bishops and
abbots (heads of monasteries)
• Invades Italy on pope’s behalf;
pope crowns him emperor in
962
• Signs of Future Conflicts
• Otto’s German-Italian lands
become Holy Roman Empire
• Holy Roman Empire is
the strongest
European power until
about 1100
• The Crusades
• The Beginning of the
Crusades
• In 1093, Byzantine
emperor asks for help
fighting the Turks
• Pope Urban II issues a
call for a Crusade—a
“holy war”
• Goals of the Crusades
• 1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory • Younger sons hope to
• Pope wants to reclaim
earn land or win glory by
Jerusalem and reunite
fighting
Christianity
• Later, merchants join
• Kings use the Crusades to
Crusades to try to gain
send away knights who
wealth through trade
cause trouble
• The First and Second
Crusades
• Pope promises
Crusaders who die a
place in heaven
• First Crusade: three
armies gather at
Constantinople in 1097
• Crusaders capture
Jerusalem in 1099
• Captured lands along
coast divided into four
Crusader states
• Muslims take back
Edessa in 1144; Second
Crusade fails to retake it
• In 1187 Saladin—
Muslim leader and
Kurdish warrior—retakes
Jerusalem
• The Third Crusade
• Third Crusade led by three
powerful rulers
• One is Richard the LionHearted—king of England
• Phillip II of France abandons
Crusade after arguing with
Richard
• Frederick I of Germany
drowns during the journey
• In 1192 Richard and Saladin • Later Crusades
make peace after many
• Fourth Crusade:
battles
Crusaders loot
• Saladin keeps Jerusalem
Constantinople in 1204
but allows Christian pilgrims
• Two other Crusades strike
to enter city
Egypt, but fail to weaken
Muslims
• The Children’s Crusade
• In 1212 thousands of children
die or are enslaved in failed
crusade
• A Spanish Crusade
• Most of Spain controlled by
Moors, a Muslim people
• Christians fight Reconquista—
drive Muslims from Spain, 1100
to 1492
• Spain has Inquisition—court to
• Merchants expand trade,
suppress heresy; expels nonbring back many goods
Christians
from Southwest Asia
• The Crusades Change Life
• Failure of later crusades
• Crusades show power of
weakens pope and
Church in convincing thousands
nobles, strengthens kings
to fight
• Crusades create lasting
• Women who stay home
bitterness between
manage the estate and
Muslims and Christians
business affairs
• Development of
Guilds
• Guilds develop—
organization of people
in the same occupation
• Merchant guilds begin
first; they keep prices
up, provide security
• Skilled artisans, men
and women, form craft
guilds
• Guilds set standards for
quality, prices, wages,
working conditions
• Guilds supervise training
of new members of their
craft
• The wealth of guilds
influences government
and economy
• How the Church Spread
• Frankish rulers convert
Germanic peoples to
Christianity
• Missionaries travel to
convert Germanic and
Celtic groups
• Church builds
monasteries -where
monks live to study and
serve God
• Italian monk, Benedict,
writes rules that govern
monastic life
• Monks establish schools,
preserve learning through
libraries
• Papal Power Expands
Under Gregory I
• In 590, Gregory I, also called
Gregory the Great, becomes
pope
• Church becomes secular—a
political power
• Pope’s palace becomes center
of Roman government
• Uses Church money to raise
armies, care for poor, negotiate
treaties
• Social Classes Are Well
Defined
• Medieval feudal system
classifies people into three
social groups
• -those who fight: nobles and
knights
• -those who pray: monks,
nuns, leaders of the Church
• -those who work: peasants
• Social class is usually
inherited; majority of people
are peasants
• Most peasants are serfs—
people lawfully bound to
place of birth
• Serfs aren’t slaves, but what
they produce belongs to their
lord
• Manors: The Economic Side
of Feudalism
• The Lord’s Estate: a manor,
was an economic system
(manor system)
• Serfs and free peasants
maintain the lord’s estate, give
grain
• The lord provides housing,
farmland, protection from
bandits
• The Harshness of
Manor Life
• Peasants pay taxes to
use mill and bakery;
pay a tithe to priest
• Tithe—a church tax—
is equal to one-tenth
of a peasant’s income
• Serfs live in crowded
• Poor diet, illness,
cottages with dirt
malnutrition make life
floors, straw for beds
expectancy 35 years
• Daily grind of raising
• Serfs generally accept their
crops, livestock;
lives as part of God’s plan
feeding and clothing
family
• Development of
Guilds
• Guilds develop—
organization of people
in the same occupation
• Merchant guilds begin
first; they keep prices
up, provide security
• Skilled artisans, men
and women, form craft
guilds
• Guilds set standards for
quality, prices, wages,
working conditions
• Guilds supervise training
of new members of their
craft
• The wealth of guilds
influences government
and economy
• Fairs and Trade
• Europe sees
Commercial
Revolution—
changes in
business and trade
• Trade fairs are held
several times a year
in towns
• Trade routes open
to Asia, North
Africa, and
Byzantine ports
• Business and
Banking
• Merchants develop
credit to avoid
carrying large sums
of money
• Merchants take out loans
to purchase goods, and
banking grows
• Society Changes
• Economic changes lead to the
growth of cities and of paying
jobs
• The Age of Chivalry The
code of chivalry for knights
glorifies combat and
romantic love.
• The Technology of Warfare
Changes
• Leather saddle and stirrups
enable knights to handle
heavy weapons
• In 700s, mounted knights
become most important part
of an army
• The Warrior’s Role in
Feudal Society
• By 1000s, western Europe is
a battleground of warring
nobles
• Feudal lords raise private
armies of knights
• Knights rewarded with land;
provides income needed for
weapons
• Knights’ other activities help
train them for combat
• The Code of Chivalry
• By 1100s knights obey
code of chivalry—a set
of ideals on how to act
• They are to protect
weak and poor; serve
feudal lord, God, chosen
lady
• A Knight’s Training
• Boys begin to train for
knighthood at age 7;
usually knighted at 21
• Knights gain experience
in local wars and
tournaments — mock
battles
• Brutal Reality of
Warfare
• Castles are huge
fortresses where lords
live
• Attacking armies use
wide range of strategies
and weapons
• Origins and
Impact of the
Plague
• In 1300s,
Europe suffers
bubonic
plague—
extremely
deadly disease
• Begins in Asia;
spreads to Italy
and other
countries over
trade routes
• About one-third of Europe’s
population dies in the epidemic
• China: the population dropped
from around 125 million to 90
million over the course of the
14thc.
• Effects of the
Plague
• Town
populations
fall, trade
declines,
prices rise
• Some serfs
leave manors
for paying
work
• Many Jews
blamed and
killed; Church
suffers
weakened
stature
• Plague came to Europe in
1347.
• By 1350 it had moved out
of western Europe. In the
space of two years, 1 out
of every 3 people was
dead.
• Some areas suffered little,
others suffered far more.
• Between 45% and 75% of • In Venice, 60% died
Florence died in a single
over
the
course
of
18
year. One-third died in the
months: five hundred
first six months. Its entire
to six hundred a day
economic system
collapsed for a time.
at the height.
• In Europe, the Jews were
easy targets of blame.
They were not the only
group accused of
poisoning water or
witchcraft bringing on the
plague, but they suffered
the anger of mob
violence over a wide
area.
• There were massacres,
and many more cases of
the Jews being expelled
from towns. On one day
in Strassbourg in 1349,
nearly 200 Jews were
burned to death by an
angry mob.
• The Literature of
Chivalry
• Epic poems recount a
hero’s deeds and
adventures
• The Song of Roland is
about Charlemagne’s
knights fighting Muslims
• Love Poems and Songs
• Knights’ duties to ladies
are as important as those • Most celebrated woman of
the age is Eleanor of
to their lords
Aquitaine (1122–1204)
• Troubadours—traveling
• Eleanor’s son, Richard the
poet-musicians—write
Lion-Hearted, also wrote
and sing short verses
songs and poems
• Women’s Role in
Feudal Society
• Status of Women
• According to the Church
and feudal society,
women are inferior to
men
• Noblewomen can inherit
land, defend castle, send • Peasant Women
knights to war on lord’s
• Most labor in home and
request
field, bear children, provide
for family
• Usually confined to
• Poor, powerless, do
activities of the home or
household tasks at young
convent
age
• The Power of the
Church
• Church leaders and
political leaders compete
for power and authority.
• The Structure of the
Church
• Power within Church is
organized by status; pope
is supreme authority
• Clergy—religious
officials—includes
bishops, priests, and
others
• Bishops supervise priests,
settle Church disputes
• Religion as a Unifying Force
• Religion important in Middle
Ages; shared beliefs bond
people
• Clergy administers the
sacraments—rites to achieve
salvation
• Village church is place of
worship and celebration
• The Age of Faith
• Spiritual Revival
• Starting in 900s,
monasteries help bring
about a spiritual revival
• Reformers help restore
and expand Church
power
• Problems in the Church
• Kings use lay
• Some Church officials
investiture to appoint
marry even though the
bishops
Church objects
• Reformers believe only
• Some officials practice
simony—selling religious the Church should
appoint bishops
offices
• Reform and Church
Organization
• Starting in 1100s, popes
reorganize Church like a
kingdom
• Pope’s advisors make
Church laws; diplomats
travel throughout
Europe
• Church collects tithes;
uses money to care for
sick, poor
• New Religious Orders
• Dominican and
Franciscan orders form
• Friars in these orders
vow poverty; travel and
preach to the poor
• Some new orders for
women are founded
• Cathedrals—Cities of
God
• Early Cathedrals
• Between 800–1100,
churches are built in
Romanesque style
• Style includes thick walls
and pillars, small
windows, round arches
• A New Style of Church
Architecture
• Churches have stained
• Gothic style evolves
glass windows, many
around 1100; term from
sculptures
Germanic tribe, Goths
• About 500 Gothic
• Gothic style has large, tall
churches are built from
windows for more light;
1170 to 1270
pointed arches
St. Denis Cathedral, Paris
• The Emperor Clashes with
the Pope
• Emperor Henry IV and Pope
Gregory VII
• Pope Gregory VII bans lay
investiture—kings appointing
Church officials
• Henry IV orders pope to
resign; Gregory VIII
excommunicates Henry
• Concordat of Worms
• Showdown at Canossa
• Concordat of Worms is 1122
compromise in Worms,
• Henry goes to Canossa, Italy,
Germany
to beg Gregory for forgiveness
• Compromise: pope appoints
• Gregory forgives Henry, but
bishops, emperor can veto
lay investiture problem is not
appointment
solved
• Changes in Medieval
Society
• The feudal system declines as
agriculture, trade, finance,
towns, and universities
develop.
• Changes in Agriculture
• From 800 to 1200 the climate
warms, opening more land to
farming
• The Three-Field System
• Changes in technology result
• Around 800 three-field
in more food production
system used—plant two
Switch to Horsepower
fields, let one rest
• Harnessed horses replace
• This produces more food and
oxen in pulling plows and
leads to population increase
wagons
• Horses plow three times as
much a day, increasing food
supply
• The Revival of Learning
• The Muslim Connection
• Christian scholars read
translations of Greek
works made by Muslims
• Crusaders return with
Muslim knowledge of
navigation, ships,
weapons
• Aquinas and Medieval
• Scholars and the
Philosophy
University
• Groups of scholars gather • Thomas Aquinas, a
religious scholar, mixes
to teach and learn; form
Greek and Christian
universities
thought
• Written works not in Latin • He is a scholastic—
but in vernacular—
university man; debates
issues to increase
everyday language
knowledge
• England and France Develop
• England Absorbs Waves of
Invaders
• Early Invasions
• Danish Vikings invade
England throughout the 800s
• Alfred the Great and his
successors gradually unite
England
• Danish king Canute invades in
1016, uniting Vikings and
• He defeats his rival for
Anglo-Saxons
English crown, becomes king
• The Norman Conquest
• William keeps one-fifth of
• In 1066, England is invaded
land; hands out rest to
for last time by William the
supporters
Conqueror (Battle of
Hastings)
• England’s Evolving
Government
• King and Vassal
• English rulers’ goal: to
control lands in both
England and France
• Henry II —king of
England—gains more
French land through
marriage
• Henry is king in England
and a vassal in France
• Juries and Common Law
• Henry sends judges to all
parts of England and
institutes juries
• The judges’ decisions form
English common law—
unified body of laws
• Common law forms the
basis of law in many
English-speaking countries
• The Magna Carta
• In 1215 English nobles
force King John to sign
Magna Carta
• Magna Carta—limits
king’s power and
guarantees basic
political rights
• English people argue
the rights are for all
people, not just nobles
• The Model Parliament
• In 1295, Edward I
summons wealthy
townsmen and knights
to raise taxes
• Together with bishops
and lords, they form a
parliament—
legislative body
• Parliament has two
houses: House of Lords,
House of Commons
• A Church Divided
• Pope and King Collide
• In 1300, Pope Boniface
VIII asserts authority
over France’s Philip IV
• Philip has him
imprisoned; pope dies
soon after
• Avignon and the Great
Schism
• In 1305, French pope is
chosen; moves to
Avignon—city in France
• In 1378, two popes
chosen—one in Rome,
one in Avignon
• Each declares the other
false, causing split called
Great Schism
• In 1417, Council of
Constance ends schism,
chooses Martin V as pope
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
DENOUNCES
Decline of the Church
• Schism – People lose faith in
Church…
–Too political!
–Too confusing!
• Education – People are breaking
away from Church doctrine
–Vernacular Bible reveals truth
about religion
• The Plague – Black Death
• The Hundred Years’ War England and France
• Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337–1453, between
England and France
• English king Edward III claims French throne
• War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of
warfare
• The Longbow Changes Warfare
• In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French
army
• The English win other victories with longbows in 1356 and 1415
• Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights
• The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
• Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453
• France and England experience
major
changes
•
-rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes
national leader
• -power and prestige of French monarch
increases
• -religious devotion and the code of chivalry
crumbles
• England begins period of turmoil, War of the
Roses
Battles in which the English
Longbow began the process of
making “knights in shining armor”
obsolete:
• Crecy 1346
Poitiers 1356
• Agincourt 1415
• Joan of Arc—French
peasant girl who believes
in visions of saints
• She leads French army
to victory at Orléans;
Charles VII crowned king
• In 1430 England’s allies,
the Burgundians, capture
Joan in battle
• The Church condemns
Joan as a witch and
heretic
• On May 30, 1431, she is
burned at the stake
•
The
Renaissance
•
• I cannot live under
pressures from
patrons, let alone
paint.
-- Michelangelo
• MICHELANGELO
BUONARROTI (b.
March 6, 1475,Florence,
Italy--d. Feb. 18, 1564,
Rome)
• He was a
Renaissance
sculptor,
painter,
architect, and
poet who
exerted an
unparalleled
influence on
the
development of
Western art.
• What
was the
Renaiss
ance?
• Period of
Europea
n history
from the
early
14th to
the late
16th
century.
• It originally
referred to the
revival of the
values and
artistic styles of
classical
antiquity
(Greece &
Rome) during
that period,
especially in
Italy.
• Today the concept of the Renaissance is a
cultural and intellectual movement; there is a
distinctive Renaissance style in music,
literature and the arts.
• The chief patrons
of Renaissance
art and literature
were the merchant
classes of
Florence and
Venice.
• They created
their own
distinctive home
and workplace,
fitted for both
business and
family.
The later
Renaissance
was marked
by a growth
of
bureaucracy:
an increase in
state
authority in
the areas of
justice and
taxation, and
the creation
of larger
regional
states.
The Reformation
• Humanists and Printers
• Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400)
were among the great writers of
the later Middle Ages. Dante’s
Divine Comedy tells the story of
the author’s journey through the
nine layers of Hell and his entry
into Paradise, while Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales is a rich
portrayal of the lives of everyday
people in late medieval England. • Pope Nicholas V established the
Vatican Library, and the Dutch
• Dante influenced the intellectual
humanist Erasmus produced a
movement of the humanists—
critical edition of the New
men who were interested in the
Testament.
humanities and in the classical
• The influence of the humanist
literature of Greece and Rome.
writers was increased by the
• Humanists worked to restore the
development of the printing
original texts of Latin and Greek
press. Johann Gutenberg
authors and of the Bible through
perfected the art of printing in
exhaustive comparative analysis
1454; Gutenberg’s press and
of the many various versions that
more than two hundred others
had been produced over the
had produced at least 10 million
centuries.
printed works by 1500.
• Martin Luther protested
the selling of Indulgences.
• He nailed “95 Theses” to
the church door in
Wittenberg, Oct. 31, 1517.
• Only wanted to debate –
• Ended up being
excommunicated by Pope
Leo X.
• Condemned by Holy
Roman Emperor, Charles
V.
• Powerful friend of Luther, Frederick the Wise,
hid Luther in his castle for a year.
• While there, translated the Bible into German
•
(only
took him 3 months)
• Luther decided to carry out his changes.
• Thought the Bible was the only authority.
• “Saved through Faith
• Alone”
• No professional
• Priesthood.
• Protestantism Begins.
Politics, not religion, caused
the English Reformation.
England had recently ended several years of
vicious wars because there was not a
male heir to the throne – the War of the
Roses.
THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII
Catherine of Aragon
married. 1509 - 1533
(daughter: Mary) Divorced
Anne Boleyn
married. 1533 - 1536
(daughter: Elizabeth)
Executed
Jane Seymour
married. 1536 - 1537
(Son: Edward VI) Died
Anne of Cleves
married. 1540 Jan. - July
Divorced
Kathryn Howard
married. 1540 - 1542
Executed
Katherine Parr
married. 1543 - 1547
Widowed
THE TUDOR MONARCHS
Henry VII
1485 - 1509
Jane Grey
July 1553
9 days
Henry VIII
1509 - 1547
Mary I
1553 – 1558
“Bloody Mary”
Edward VI
1547 - 1553
Elizabeth I
1558 - 1603
Elizabethan Age
• Arts, literature, theater
flourished during Elizabeth’s
reign.
• Sponsored William
Shakespeare
• England becomes a major
world power.
• Colonialism will begin during
her time.
• Remembered as the best of
the English monarchs, ever.
• The Spanish Armada
• Phillip II of Spain sent his
navy to invade England
• The primary goal of the
Spanish attack was to
stamp out the Protestant
movement and to claim
England as Philip’s own.
• (She knighted Sir
• Elizabeth I made a deal
Francis Drake for it)
with Pirates to weaken
• Major sea battle:
the Spanish fleet. They
Nasty storm sunk
would get to keep most of
much of the Spanish
the loot they stole, and
fleet, English set fire
she wouldn’t have them
to the rest. England
arrested.
won.
Era of Discovery
Background: 1300s,
Europe imports large
amounts of spices
and other goods
from Asia.
• Problems with
• Everyone in
hostile kingdoms in
Europe wanted to
the Middle East
get to China and
caused European
the Spice Islands
merchants to look
(Indonesia).
for different ways to
get to Asia.
• Motives were:
• God: to spread the
Catholic faith
• Gold: Tales of
wealth and riches
• Glory: Excitement of
discovery
• European
monarchies were
now powerful and
rich enough to
support these
expeditions.
• Explorers in
search of the
spices and
riches of the Far
East believed
they had
reached Asia.
• Columbus
thought that he
had reached the
Indies.
• He died still
believing that he
had reached
Indonesia.
• New technologies:
• Cartography –
better maps
• Compass – helps to
know your direction
• Astrolabe – using
the horizon and
stars, you can
figure out what the
latitude is.
1688
• Colony: settlement of people in a new
territory, linked w/ parent country by
trade and government control.
• Mercantilism: theory- a nation’s
prosperity depended on a lot of gold &
silver for a balance of trade.
• Countries should export more than they
import. Colonies provided raw
materials to support the “mother
country”
• The Portuguese
Trading Empire
• Prince Henry, the
Navigator: sponsored a
school and fleets to sail
along western coast of
Africa.
• Set up trading posts –
not colonies.
• Found/Named Gold
Coast of Africa.
• Controlled large amount
of Spice Islands.
• Portugal claimed the
unexplored territories east
of Treaty of Tordesillas
line.
The Spanish Trading Empire
• Created when Columbus went west.
• Spain & Portugal, 1494: Treaty of
Tordesillas divided Atlantic Ocean and S.
America with a North-South line.
• Spain claimed territories to the west.
• Encomienda: made Native Americans
subjects of Queen Isabella. Meant Spanish
had the right to make them laborers
(Disease/slavery=dead)
• Within 30 yrs: Spanish/Catholic culture had
largely replaced all Native American political
and social structures.
The Slave Trade
• Sugar plantations in Americas needed
lots of labor – Native population too
small (dead).
• Started the Triangular Trade:
• Slaves shipped and sold in Americas
• Raw materials shipped to Europe
• Finished manufactured goods returned
• Middle Passage: high death rates
during the journey due to horrible
conditions