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Chapter 20
Western Europe During the High Middle
Ages
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Germany
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Germany dominant country in Europe 10th & 11th
centuries
5 great lords, the Dukes of Saxony, Franconia,
Swabia, Bavaria & Lorraine
Recognized King but held power in their
individual duchies
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The Holy Roman Empire
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Otto I - “Otto the Great” (936-973) of Saxony
takes advantage of decline of Carolingian Empire
to establish kingdom in north Germany, mid 10th
century CE
Military forays into eastern Europe
Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church
Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy
Roman Empire, 962 CE
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The medieval expansion of Europe, 10001250 C.E.
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Religious Revival
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Popular Piety swept over Europe in 11th & 12th
centuries
The Peace Movement
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Peace Associations
“Peace of God” – movement to protect non-combatants
“Truce of God” – move to forbid fighting during holy
days
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Problem of Secular Control
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Kings appointed abbots and bishops
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At best kings appoint good administrators
At worst kings sold abbacies & bishoprics or gave
them as pensions
Reformers wanted to strengthen position of the
Pope & make him independent of kings
1059 Hildebrant (Pope Gregory VII) inspires
famous decree to place election of Pope to
cardinals
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Principles of Gregory VII
ca. 1075
1. That the Roman Church was founded by the Lord alone.
2. That only the Roman pontiff is rightly called universal.
3. That he alone can depose or reestablish bishops.
4. That his legate, even if of inferior rank, is above all bishops in council; and
he can give sentence of deposition against them…
12. That it is permitted to him to depose emperors…
19. That he ought to be judged by no one.
20. That no one may dare condemn a man who is appealing to the apostolic
see.
21. The greater cases of every church ought to be referred to him.
23. That the Roman pontiff, if he has been canonically ordained, is indubitably
made holy by the merits of the blessed Peter…
27. That he can absolve the subjects of the unjust from their fealty.
From Dictatus Papae Gregorii VII, trans. By E. Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas (New York: Knopf, 1954, Vol. II, pp. 380-81
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Tensions between Emperors and the
Church
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Investiture Contest, late 11th-early 12th centuries
Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) attempts to end
practice of lay investiture
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Process whereby secular ruler bestowed the symbol of
spiritual authority such as ring and staff.
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Investiture Conflict
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Henry IV sends letter
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“Down, down, to be damned through all the ages”
Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106
CE)
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Letter to Henry: “It is right that he who attempt to
diminish the honor of the Church, shall himself lose the
honor which he seems to have.”
1076 Oppenheim decide to depose Henry IV unless
absolved by Pope
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Castle at Canossa
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Henry goes to Canossa 1077
Pope faces political & spiritual conflict
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Absolve Henry will betray German princes who sided
with him
Must absolve because Henry is a penitent sinner
Pope grants Henry absolution
Later Henry invades Italy
Concordat of Worms (1122)
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Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE)
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Frederick I, “the red beard”
Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy)
Popes did not want him to gain that much power,
enlisted aid from other states
Frederick forced to back down
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Regional Monarchies: France and England
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Capetian France
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Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987
CE
Slowly expands authority out from Paris
Normans in England
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Descendants of Vikings, settled in France
Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups
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Anglo-Saxon England
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England not feudal
English institutions of 10th century
Danish Rule – Canute (or Knut) (1016-42)
Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
William Duke of Normandy (William the
Conqueror) vs. Earl Harold at the Battle of
Hastings 1066
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Norman Government in England
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William the Conqueror (1066-1087)
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
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“The rich complained and the poor lamented, but he
was so sturdy that he cared not for their bitterness; they
had to follow his will entirely if they wished to live or
to keep their lands.”
“a man might travel through the kingdom unmolested
with a bosomful of gold.”
Domesday Survey
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England under Henry II (1154-1189)
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Henry II takes title after civil war (1135-1152)
Attempts to strengthen English government
Enlarges strength of royal courts
Use of Juries
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Common Law
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Creates “common law”
1st book of common law created at end of Henry
II’s reign
Common law a symbol of nationalism
Opposed only by Thomas Becket
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Separation of church and state
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Richard and John
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Richard (1189-99)
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Great General
Spent less than 10 months in England during entire
reign
John (1199-1216)
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Lost war with France
Took large sums of money from vassals
Punished without trial
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“Magna Carta” – The Great Charter of
Liberties
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1215 Barons rebel develop charter of demands
June 15, 1215 at Runnymede John puts his seal on
the Magna Carta
King is not above the law
Rights extend to other classes
Serves as foundation for constitutional
governement
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Italy
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Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and
principalities
Papal State directly controlled by Pope, goodsized territory in central Italy
By 12th century, city-states increasingly displace
church control in northern Italy
Normans invade southern Italy, displace
Byzantine and Muslim authorities
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Iberian Peninsula
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Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8th-12th
centuries
From 11th century on, Christian conquest of
Spanish Muslim territories
Late 13th century, Muslims remain only in
Granada
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