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Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • • Chinampas Alloy Potlatch Medieval Feudalism Vassal Fief Knight Chivalry Manor Serf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sacrament Tithe Secular Cannon law Excommunication Interdict Anti-Semitism Charter Capital Partnership Bill of exchange Guild Apprentice Journeyman • • • • • • • • • • Common law Crusade Schism Scholasticism Vernacular Flying buttress Epidemic Inflation Longbow Heresy The Early Middle Ages and The High Middle Ages And a little about the Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 50 The Peoples of North America The Olmec’s – Mexican gulf coast 1400-500BC – Built ceremonial centers – Strong class of priests and aristocrats – *Legacy---- spread through trade • Calendar • Carved inscriptions “writing” • Tradition of priestly leadership Mayan Civilization • Flourished from southern Mexico through Central America • Between A.D. 300 and 900 • *The Mayan achievements – Complex system of city-states – Erected magnificent palaces and pyramids (tallest until 1903) – Developing hieroglyphic writing – An accurate calendar– 365 day solar and 260 Venus – Developed a numbering system using zero The Aztecs • Conquered most of Mexico by the 1400's • Government and society – – – – Montezuma II Single ruler, chosen by nobles and priests Warriors, could rise to noble Farmers, most of the population Slaves, could own land and buy freedom • Religion – *Huitzilopochtli–sun god–chief god • Battled the forces of darkness each night • Tens of 1000's human sacrifices The Incas • Conquered a vast empire stretching 2,500 miles • *The diverse lands of the Incan empire were united by – A strong government – A great road system • 12,000 miles • Could move armies quickly • Runners Summary Summarize your notes, using four to five sentences. The Early Middle Ages • *Germanic invaders carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms • 481, Clovis King of the Franks....converted to Christianity • *Islam moved into Europe through Spain. – Were stopped by Charles Martel in 732 Forests, rich farm land, minerals, large rivers and surrounded by ocean Age of Charlemagne • *In the 800s, Charlemagne reunited much of Europe. – He revived learning – Extended Christian civilization into northern Europe – Further blended German, Roman, and Christian traditions – Set up a strong efficient government (model) • After Charlemagne died, his heirs battled for power – In 843, they split the empire into three regions. Feudalism and the Manor Economy • *Feudalism – A system of rule based on mutual obligations between lords, vassals and serfs – Gave a strict order to medieval society • *Knights adopted a code of conduct called ‘Chivalry’ – Which required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word – In warfare to fight fairly and be generous to their enemies – Applied to nobles only Peasant Life • *Peasants made up the majority of medieval society – They lived and worked on the lord’s estate, or manor – Most peasants on the manor were serfs – Were bound to the land – In theory they were guaranteed food, housing and land • *Dailey life – Everyone worked – Simple diet of black bread and some vegetables – Ave life span was 35 yrs – Believed in elves, fairies, love potions and magic charms • Priests tried to Christianize them The Medieval Church *After the fall of Rome, the Christian Church split into eastern and western churches. The western church, became known as the Roman Catholic Church • The most powerful secular force in medieval Europe – *The pope claimed authority over all men – Taught all men were sinners and doomed unless saved through Sacraments – Taught that men and women were equal before God – But on Earth women were inferior to men – *Had it’s own law and courts (Canon Law) – Could excommunicate violators – Nobles and Kings could be interdicted The Church The Center of Daily Life • *Monasteries and convents performed a vital cultural function by preserving the learning of the ancient world. • Benedictine rule 530AD – – – – Oath of poverty Vows of chastity Obedience to the abbot Hard work was of spiritual value • *As the Church became stronger and wealthier, it also became corrupt – Clergy tended to be worldly and lived in luxury – Monks and nuns ignored their vows Some Try to Reform the Church • *Pope Gregory VII – Prohibited simony...selling of church positions – Outlawed marriage for priests – The church would choose it’s own officials – Called for renewed faith • Cluny Monastery located in France – Put only pious men in his monastery • Franciscans and the Dominican orders established Summary Summarize your notes, using four to five sentences. *Agricultural Revolution • Iron plows with horses • Windmills to make flour • The three field system – One in grain, one in legumes and one fallow • *Results – More food the population grew, doubling between 1000 and 1300 • Merchants set up routes with armed caravans • *Trade fairs help create new towns – Artisans made goods for the traders – Cities slowly grew – The most prosperous in No. Italy and Flanders European Trade Revives • *Charters – From the king or lord – Townspeople could control their own affairs – Anyone living the town for one year and a day...was free • *Put new ideas into circulation and greatly expanded the middle class Commercial and Social Changes • • • • • *Commercial Changes Money reappeared The need for capital created banking houses Partnerships developed Insurance underwriting began Bill of exchange Denier (Penny in English, Pfennig in German, Denaro in Italian) *Social changes • Most lords needed money to buy goods • Many serfs began to sell goods to the towns – Paying their lords in cash instead of trade • *By 1300, most serfs were now tenant farmers or hired laborers Workers Guilds • *Guilds – Merchant and craft guilds dominated life in towns – *Membership was a three step process • Apprentice...age 7 or 8....for seven years • Journeymen.....most did not make master • Master Medieval Towns • *Grew in a haphazard manner – Jumble of narrow streets and tall buildings – No street lighting – Noisy during the day deserted at night – Had no garbage or sewer systems • Wastes went into the streets • *Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy and crowded *Effects of Trade • Put new ideas and products into circulation • Reintroduced money • Revised social structure – Kings had more power – Growing middle class – Serfs changed to free peasants • Sets the stage for the Renaissance Summary Summarize your notes, using four to five sentences. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 AD *Strong monarchs in England and France used various means to centralize power • • • • • Set up system of royal justice Created a gov’t bureaucracy Tax systems Standing armies Worked with the new middle class In England, new political traditions evolved • *Common law – Henry II sent out traveling justices to enforce royal law – Their decisions became the basis – *The jury system • The justices formed groups of men to determine which cases should be heard (grand jury) • Evolved into jury by peers Parliament • In 1215, King John of England signed the *Magna Carta – It stated that nobles had certain rights – The king would not raise new taxes without first consulting the lords and clergy • Called the Great Council • The council evolved into a Parliament from the French word parler – In 1295, Edward I added common people to the council – *Parliament became bicameral • House of Lords • House of Commons *In France, strong leaders built an efficient centralized bureaucracy • Phillip II .... Phillip Augustus – Used paid middle class officials – Chartered many new towns – Organized a standing army – Introduced a national tax – Quadrupled royal land holdings • Louis IX – Lived by the rules of Chivalry – Persecuted heretics, Jews and Muslims – Expanded royal courts – Outlawed private wars – Ended serfdom in his lands Power Struggle • Phillip IV – *Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII • Killed the pope and moved the new pope to Avignon – To help with his struggle he set up the Estates General • It had representatives from all three estates or classes • Clergy, nobles and townspeople The Holy Roman Empire and the Church Holy Roman Emperors.... heirs to Rome • Tried to rule Germany and parts of eastern Europe – Real ruler was the vassals and the church • Clashed repeatedly with popes – *Who would control appointments to high church offices...investiture Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV • Pope excommunicated the emperor.…1076 – Repentant sinner – Henry took revenge, forced pope into exile • *Concordat of Worms – Church to do investiture – Emperor to give fiefs Church Supremacy • Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II – Preoccupied with power struggles with the Church – Was forced to give in to demands of the German nobles – The nobles’ increasing independence made it impossible to unify Germany’s many feudal states. • *Pope Innocent III .…1198 – Led the Church to the height of power and prestige – Keep strict control over the clergy – Claiming supremacy over all other rulers – Led a crusade against the Albigensians in so. France Summary Summarize your notes, using four to five sentences. The Crusades 1095 to 1204 • Western Europeans were unaware of advanced civilizations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. • Byzantine Empire – Seljuks extended their power over Palestine and attacked Christian pilgrims – Alexius I sent and urgent plea for help to Urban II • Urged on by Pope Urban • 1000”s joined the Crusades – *Why did they go? • • • • Religious reasons Win wealth and land Escape troubles at home For adventure Seven Crusades • *The Reconquista – Spain expelled the Muslims from their land – Created a unified state under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella...1492 • 1st brought Jerusalem under crusaders control 1095-1099 • 2nd a failure 1147-49 • 3rd King Richard 1188-1192 • *4th Looted Constantinople 1202-1204 • 5th 1217-1221 • 6th 1228-1239 • 7th 1248-1250 The five crosses symbolize the five wounds of the crucified Jesus. *Effects of the Crusades • • • • • • • • Left a bitter legacy of religious hatred Helped quicken the changes in Europe The Krak des Chevaliers, Increased levels of trade the largest Crusader fortress ever built Papal power reached its greatest height Hardened Byzantine resentment against the West Increased the power of W. Europe’s monarchs Encouraged the growth of a money economy Brought Europe into contact with other civilizations A Revival of Learning • *Improved economic and political conditions led to a revival of learning • Universities started teaching..... math, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic • Europe enjoyed a cultural flowering, as writers created works in the vernacular and cities all over Europe built towering stone cathedrals that served as symbols of their wealth and religious devotion. Europeans rediscovered the writings of the ancient Greeks • Setting off a revolution in the world of ideas • Forcing Christian scholars to resolve the conflict between logic and faith – Use reason to discover basic truths OR accept truths on faith – *Scholasticism.....faith and reason led to God ruling over and orderly universe • Science made little progress....most thought true knowledge must fit with church teachings Summary Summarize your notes, using four to five sentences. A Time of Crisis *Europe attacked in three ways....mid 1300's • Drought caused widespread crop failures resulting in – Famine, malnutrition and starvation – Famine weakened the population, leaving them vulnerable to the plague • Black Death....Bubonic plague ravaged Europe – Killing one of every three people – Creating social and economic chaos • Hundred Years War....between France and England Black Death Flea Infested Rats • Unsanitary towns helped spread the plague • *Symptoms – – – – Swellings and black bruises Heavy sweats Convulsive coughing Rotted on the inside spitting blood and smelling terribly – Died in agony Social and Economic Changes • • • • *Social changes Turned to magic and witchcraft for cures Plunged into wild pleasures Saw plague as God’s punishment Blamed the Jew’s *Economic changes • Labor shortage • Prices rose • Scared people rioted and revolted The church was unable to provide effective leadership • Rocked by scandal and division – At times 3 popes ruled....1417 ....Council at Constance • Challenges to its power from local preachers – John Wycliffe • The Bible was the source of all Christian truth – Jan Hun agreed in Bohemia • Church persecuted the reformers...burned Hun for heresy Hundred Years’ War • 1337 to 1453between England and France • Joan of Arc....inspired French soldiers.....died on the stake • *The war resulted in – Increased nationalism and expanded royal power in France • Devastated the countryside – Increased power of Parliament in England • Drained their money supply 1412 - 1431 *Changes in warfare Cannon Longbow Summary Summarize your notes, using four to five sentences.