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Transcript
After the Roman empire fell, Western Europe was cut off from other cultures, invaded and divided. Period from 500 – 1000 is sometimes called the Dark Ages. (Early Middle Ages) Was actually a time when Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions blended. This is called the Middle Ages!!! 500-1500 Ad In the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes, such as the Franks, divided Western Europe. In 486, Clovis, king of the Franks, defeated Gaul, the area that became France. Clovis kept his own customs but also used Roman customs. He also converted to Christianity. In the 600s, Islam began in Arabia. When they crossed into France, Charles Martel and his Frankish warriors fought the Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 768, Charles Martel’s grandson, also named Charles, became king. He built an empire covering what are now France, Germany, and part of Italy. http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=5itBgiz35 T8 The Franks pushed the Muslims back into Spain Video Reign of Charlemagne – King Clovis The pope later crowned him emperor of the Romans. Charlemagne united Europe by fighting off invaders, conquering peoples, and converting them to Christianity. He also united Europe by blending German, Roman and Christian traditions. Charlemagne saw education as another way to unify his kingdom. He set up local schools and brought back Latin learning. http://www.history.com/videos/the-reign-ofcharlemagne#the-reign-of-charlemagne Charlemagne’s grandsons split up the empire in 843. 900 - nomads, called Magyars, settled in what is now Hungary. 700s – the Vikings from Scandinavia began raiding towns along European coasts and rivers. (England, Ireland, northern France, and parts of Russia). List the accomplishments of Charlemagne. Which do you think had the most lasting importance? Why? Critical Thinking Charlemagne: Holy Barbarian Holy – Living according to a strict or highly moral (good) religious or spiritual system. Barbarian – A fierce, brutal or cruel person. How can Charlemagne be both holy and a barbarian? Lots of duties in medieval society! Even for kings and nobles. New political and legal system– called feudalism. This was the basis for life in the middle ages. System made up of lords and lower lords, called vassals. They exchanged vows called the feudal contract This contract gave lords the right to expect military service, payments, and loyalty from their vassals. In return the lords promised to give their vassals protection and fiefs -- or estates. Many nobles lived in castles!!! For nobles, war was a way of life. Many trained from boyhood to become knights. They practiced fighting in pretend battles called tournaments. Ladies took over estates while their lords were at war and might even be in charge of defending their land. Knights had to follow a code of ideal conduct – called chivalry Chivalry required knights to be brave, loyal and honest. Troubadours – wandering musicians The manor, or lord’s estate, was the basis of the medieval economy. Everything people needed was grown on the manor. Most peasants on manors were serfs, workers tied to the land. Serfs were not slaves, but they could not leave the manor without permission. They had to work the lord’s land several days a week, pay certain fees, and ask permission to marry. In return, they were allowed to farm several acres for themselves and received protection during war. Medieval Europe: Feudalism Medieval Europe: The Design of a Castle Imagine that you live in a future society where time travel is possible. A team of time travelers are planning a trip to the Middle Ages. In order to blend in undetected into medieval life, the time travelers plan to assume the roles of 1). lord, 2). knight, 3). vassal, 4). noblewoman, and 5). serf. Write down careful instructions for the role of each time traveler. The instructions should include advice on: how to behave how to treat other people what responsibilities to fulfill what services to expect what form of entertainment is available -You must also design a manor map. This should be a blueprint for your Time Travelers to study before they go on this grand journey! This should help them understand the lay of the land, so to speak! During the Middle Ages, the Roman Church grew in power. It became the strongest worldly, or secular, and religious force in Western Europe Churches were the center of village life. The parish priest celebrate mass and administered sacraments, or sacred rites. Church doctrine taught that men and women were equal before God. Yet the Church also taught that women needed men’s guidance. In 530, a monk named Benedict created rules to govern monastery life. These included vows of obedience, poverty and chastity (purity). High Church officials, such as bishops or the pope, often stopped warfare among nobles by declaring a Truce of God. Medieval popes developed papal supremacy, or authority over rulers. The Church had its own courts and body of laws, known as canon law, and gave out punishments. One was excommunication, or refusing to give the sacraments and Christian burial. This condemned sinners to hell. Rulers could face interdict, which kept entire towns, regions or kingdoms from receiving sacraments and Christian burial. Corruption Many reforms came from friars, or monks who traveled and preached to the poor. The first order of friars, called the Franciscans, was founded by St. Francis of Assisi. In the Middle Ages, Jewish people settled across Europe. However, by the late 1000s, prejudice against them had increased in Western Europe. 1000s – agricultural revolution changed Europe. New technologies allowed farmers to grow more crops. Food production increased and the population grew. Warfare and invasions declined. Trade expanded in the Middle East and Asia; trade leagues formed Trade settlements grew into medieval towns and cities Growing trade led to a commercial revolution Modern business practices such as partnerships, insurance and letters of credit developed. The use of money caused changes to the feudal system. A new middle class emerged Merchants and artisans formed guilds to protect their interests Young people spent years learning their craft in the guild system Women and girls dominated some trades and had their own guilds Towns and cities grew Rapid growth led to overcrowding Caused fires and disease to spread Review Question of the Day: What is considered the beginning of the middle ages? During the early Middle Ages, European rulers had limited powers. By 1300, increases in royal power and control had gradually set the foundations of modern government. William the Conqueror In 1066, William the Conqueror took over England. In 1086, William’s census, called the Domesday Book, was finished. This book helped set up a tax system. William the Conqueror – Music Video William the Conqueror - Video Henry II In1154, Henry II came to power, and he expanded the justice system. Court decisions became the basis of English common law, a legal system based on custom and earlier rulings. Henry also set up a jury system that led to the modern grand jury. King John Henry’s son, King John, abused his power and was forced to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. It required the King to obey the laws. It established 2 important principles: Due process of law, or no arrest without proper legal procedures and habeas corpus; no imprisonment without a charge John also agreed to not raise taxes without the consent of his Great Council. Unlike the English, early French rulers did not govern a united kingdom. In 987, Hugh Capet became king. He began expanding royal power. The Capets ruled for 300 years. In 1179, Phillip II took the throne. He gained control of English lands in Normandy and expanded territories in southern France, adding huge areas to his domain. Louis IX came to power in France in 1226. He persecuted non-Christians, outlawed private wars and ended serfdom. By the time he died in 1270, France had become a centralized monarchy. In 1302, a council, the Estates General, was set up. However, it never gained the “power of the purse” over French royalty. During the middle ages, popes and European rulers grew more powerful. However, they were often in conflict. By the late 1000s, the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire were trying to hold together a vast and varied territory. As part of this they regularly confronted the pope over naming church officials. Pope Gregory VII wanted the Church to be free from any control by rulers. He banned lay investiture, or the process by which rulers rather than the pope appoints a bishop. HRE Henry IV said he had the right to appoint bishops because bishops held lands that were under his control. In 1076, pope Gregory excommunicated Henry and threatened to crown a new emperor. Henry was forced to beg for forgiveness, and Gregory gave in. Later, Henry led an army to Rome, forcing Gregory into exile. 50 years later a compromise was worked out at the Concordat of Worms. It gave the pope the power to appoint bishops, while rulers had the right to decide what lands the bishops would rule. Power struggles over land also occurred during the 1100s and 1200s. HRE Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, or “Red Beard,” tried to add wealthy northern Italian cities to his empire. Instead, through his son’s marriage, he expanded German control in southern Italy. His grandson, Frederick II also tried, but failed, to control northern Italy. Ultimately the HRE broke into separate states, while southern Italy went through centuries of chaos. In 1198, Pope Innocent III took office. He claimed that the pope had supremacy, or authority, over all other rulers. He excommunicated the English and French kings, and placed their kingdoms under interdict, barring people from religious sacraments. After Innocent’s death, French and English rulers grew in power. In the late 1200s, France’s Philip IV challenged the pope on the issue of taxes, and then forced the election of a French Pope. Write a conversation that reflects the struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and the monarchs of Europe. You are going to write down what you might overhear if you are eavesdropping on the Pope and a king. A series of wars beginning in 1096 in which the Christians battled the Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East. Pope wanted to end the fighting between knights. Seljuk Turks invaded the Holy Land. Pope wanted to increase power and heal the Schism. Some hoped to win wealth or escape troubles. Crusades left a legacy of religious hatred. Trade increased and expanded. The Reconquista took hold in Spain. A money economy developed. The power of monarchs increased. The Crusades Bubonic Plague Carried by fleas on rats Spreads from Asia to Middle East to Europe People turn to magic and witchcraft People flee cities or hide in homes Christian blame Jews The Black Death One-third of people die Production declines Inflation Peasants revolt Series of Conflicts: 1337 – 1453 England vs. France English rulers want to keep French lands. French kings want to extend their power. Both want to control the English Channel Both want to control trade. England wins battles due to the longbow. Joan of Arc leads French armies. Joan’s execution rallies the French. French Kings grow stronger English Parliament gains “power of the purse” English turn to trading ventures overseas. Castles and knights cannot stand up to the cannon and longbow. Monarchs need armies, not feudal vassals. The Church offered powerful incentives to those who joined the crusades. The Pope promised forgiveness of sins and entrance into heaven for anyone who died in the Crusades. Serfs could obtain freedom from their lords. Citizens who enlisted were freed from paying taxes. Those who owed debts were allowed to pay them back without additional fees. Prisoners were released from jails, and sentences of death were commuted to life in Palestine. The Church has asked you to create an advertisement to convince people to join the Crusades. Your advertisement should mention one or more of the incentives we just described as well as those described in your text. You can use any combination of persuasive words, drawings, maps, and illustrations. On the back of your advertisement you should explain what impact the Crusades had on the world. OR, you may create an advertisement informing people about The Black Death, how it is spread and what measures they should take to avoid getting the deadly plague. On the back you should explain what impact the Black Death had on the world.