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The Catholic
Reformation
Reforms, 1500-1545
Counter-Reformation, 1545-1600
The Counter-Reformation?
External or Internal Pressure?
 Concern for reformation had been within
the church for along time.
 Most Europeans remained Catholic:

– Most humanists
– Most universities
– Most peasants
– All of Mediterranean Europe!
Reforming Individual

Savonarola (1452-98), Florence: railed
against the paganism of the humanists,
the worldliness of the church, and called
for a general council to reform the church.
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He lost popular support with a Papal
interdict. In 1498 he was tortured, hung
and his body burned with his ashes
thrown into the river Arno.
Reforming Groups

Oratory of Divine Love, founded in 1497, was inspired by
the selfless hospital work of Catherine of Genoa.
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The group hoped to reform the church by reforming
themselves through prayer, discussion and service.

They advocated an end to simony, pluralism and
worldliness in the church.

Members included Cardinal Cajetan (1480-1547), Pope
Paul IV (1476-1547) and Cardinal Contarini (1483-1542).
Reforming Pope

Adrian VI (1522-1523) saw the problems in
the church as a direct result of the abuses of
the church and the immorality of its priests.
Moral, devout—a product of the “Brethren of
Common Life” (from which John Calvin and
Erasmus both emerged).
Pope Clement VII, 1523-1534
Regressive Measures
Another De Medici pope
 Followed policies of
other Renaissance
popes
 Policies led to sacking
of Rome 1527
 Lost half of Europe to
Protestants

Ignatius Loyola, 1491-1556
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Founder of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Soldier in Spanish army
Wounded at Pavia in 1521
Cannonball hit his leg
Had to be re-broken and reset later
Part of protruding bone sawed off
Became delirious
Experienced profound religious
conversion
Dedicated his life to God
Loyola’s Spiritual Growth
1523 visited Holy Land
 Church would not permit him to teach without
learning
 Studied at University of Alcala
 Also at University of Paris

–
–
–
–
–
College of Montague
Same college where Erasmus & Calvin were
There seven years
Gathered 7 companions with him (1534)
Had about 1000 when he died
Loyola as Founder of Jesuits
Middle aged man by time left university
 Learned and razor-sharp theologian
 Never ceased to be a soldier
 Went to Rome and placed himself at the
service of Pope Paul III

– Paul saw potential for accomplishment
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1538 founded Society of Jesus
– Loyola was its first general
– Organized as the army of God
Grant from Ignatius Loyola
Spiritual Exercises
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Loyola wrote to train
Jesuits
Practical handbook of
mystical conversion and
spiritual discipline
Influenced by Thomas a
Kempis.
Paining by
Rubens
showing St.
Ignatius Loyola
in a mystical
trance
Jesuit Commitment
Jesuits took vow of absolute obedience to
Pope, and new order was approved by the
Pope in 1540.
 Took vows of poverty
 Absolute military discipline in order
 Society grew rapidly
 Had great influence

Jesuit Accomplishment
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Founded schools & colleges
Served as advisors to Catholic kings
Dominated higher studies in dozen fields
Extended moral discipline to local level
Led Catholics to re-conquest over Protestants
– Switzerland, south Germany, Austria, Poland

Their missionaries followed Spanish and
Portugese conquerors and traders to Americas
and Far East
Reforming Pope:
Paul III (1534-1549)
Convened a panel of respected
experts to evaluate the health
of the church. The panel
reported many abuses
(nepotism, simony, pluralism,
absenteeism, mismanagement
of wealth and immorality). The
panel increased discipline
rather than pursuing
institutional reform.
Appointed the best men as
Cardinals, respected for
knowledge, and product of
Renaissance learning/training.
Cardinal Gasparo Contarini,
1483-1542
 Layman
who experienced
spiritual conversion
 Humanist who sought to
reform church from within
 Believed in reason and
conciliation –
– Mild, peaceful approach
 Headed
1537
papal commission,
Cardinal Gasparo Contarini,
1483-1542
 Drew
up list of abuses &
needed reforms
 Reforms put into effect
immediately
 Agreed with Luther on
justification by faith
 Yet reforms failed to
address basic spiritual
needs
Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559
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Came into ascendancy
with death of Contarini in
1542
Used inquisition
– Against Catholics who strayed
from fold
– Against Protestants in Catholic
lands
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Used torture, spying, terror
– Especially in Spain, Italy,
Spanish Netherlands
Pope Paul and His Methods…

Also used The Index
– List of forbidden books
– Books not approved by him were burned
– Some books completely destroyed
He hated Loyola
 First true pope of the Counter-Reformation
 But nearly destroyed it by his intolerance

The Apex of Reforming Popes
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Pope Pius IV (15591565)
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Pope Pius V (15651572)
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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Originally called in 1545, it did not actively
pursue agenda till Paul Paul IV (1555-59) led it
(only 31 representatives showed up for the first
session).
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Called for two purposes:
– Church Reformation – an institutional reorganization,
change in church practices and moral reformation.
– Response to Protestant threat – clarify church dogma
in the light of Protestant attacks on major items in
Catholic theology
Council of Trent
Popular demand for reforming council
 First summoned by Paul III in 1545
 Met at Trent on border of Germany, Italy,
France
 Met in 3 sessions
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– 1545-1547
– 1551-1552
– 1562-1563
Meeting of Opening of the Council of Trent
Church Reformations
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It instituted reforms in the Papal curia, primarily
financial.
It condemned pluralism and simony.
It affirmed the efficacy of indulgences but
formulated strict guidelines in order to identify
abuses.
Regulated responsibilities of local priests and
regional bishops.
Founded seminaries with uniform curriculum for
the training of priests.
Accomplishments of Council of
Trent
Summarized Counter-Reformation
 Rejected Protestantism

– Although much debate by delegates who
wanted to accept Protestants and their
teaching
Rejected any compromise with Protestants
 Declared those who affirmed Protestant
doctrines anathema

Trent…
Reaffirmed traditional Catholicism
Tradition equal authority with Scripture (inclusion of the
Apocrypha) with Latin Vulgate the official translation.
 Recognized popes & councils as final judges & interpreters of
Bible & religious doctrine
 Proscribed a list of banned books: “Index of Forbidden Books”
(which was not abolished till 1966).
 Upheld traditional Catholic beliefs
– Purgatory
– Indulgences
– Prayer to saints
– Seven sacraments
– Mass as True Sacrifice
– Works necessary for salvation
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Painting of Council of Trent by Titian
Trent…
Raised morale of Catholics
 Made the liturgy uniform throughout the church
 Set up educational system for clergy
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– Meant much better preparation for them
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Established concordats with Catholic kings
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Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Austria
Papal control sacrificed to some degree
For pledge by king to support Catholicism in his lands
Thus a Protestant attack on the Catholic Church was
an attack on the state
Net Effect of Trent
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It reformed some of the practices of the medieval Catholic
Church and encouraged educational advances among
clergy. The goal was to make traditional religion more
effective and attractive to the laity.
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It also encouraged uniformity, obedience to the church and
anti-Protestantism. It instituted strictures that would
prevent another theological revolution such as
Protestantism.
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Marked the end of the one, universal Catholic church and
signaled the emergence of Roman Catholicism as one
among other “denominations” of the Christian faith. Now
Europe was permanently divided between Eastern
Orthodox, Roman Catholic and various Protestant
churches.
Religious Wars
Religious Wars in Europe
1530-1648
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Holy Roman Empire Wars Against Protestant
Princes
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Protestant-Catholic Wars in France.
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Dutch-Spanish Wars in the Netherlands
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Thirty Years War in Central Europe
Holy Roman Empire and the
Protestant Princes

Between 1519 and 1530, Emperor Charles V could not
effectively deal with Lutheranism because:
– The Turks were progressively advancing in the Balkans and were
at the gates of Vienna in 1529.
– Charles was securing his claims in Italy as he battled the King of
France and the Pope in successive wars (1521-25 and 15271529).
– Three Imperial Diets at Nurenburg from 1522-24 postponed the
religious issues.

Diet of Speyer (1526)—Emperor decides to enforce the
Edict of Worms.
– He was opposed by some princes, and the question was
deferred to a Church Council.
– It passed a “recess act” which declared that each state should
conduct its own religious affairs.
Diet of Speyer (1529)
The Recess is repealed by Charles.
 Six Lutheran estates (including Saxony,
Brandenberg and Hesse) and 14 free cities
protest (and thus, “Protestants”).
 The Lutheran Princes seek support from
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– Francis I, King of France
– Henry VIII, King of England
– Swiss Cantons
Diet of Augsburg (1530)
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Charles ready to resolve the religious question since his
Empire is secure.
He receives various Protestant confessions:
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Melancthon, “Augsburg Confession” (Lutheran)
Zwingli, “Fidei Ratio” (Zurich)
Bucer, “Tetrapolitana” (Strasbourg)
Eck, “Confrontatio” (Catholic Confession)
Outcome:
– Charles demands that all return to the Catholic Faith by Easter,
1531 (he had just been crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by the
Pope in Bologna, Italy earlier in 1530).
– Protestant Princes form the Schmalkaldic League in February
1531.
 Luther wrote a Confession for the League: “Schmalkadic Articles”
(1537).
Schmalkaldic Articles
The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God
and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our
justification (Romans 3:24-25). He alone is the Lamb of
God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29),
and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah
53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without
their own works and merits, by His grace, through the
redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans
3:23-25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be
otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or
merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith
alone justifies us...Nothing of this article can be yielded
or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and
everything else falls (Mark 13:31)
War Delayed

Charles did not enforce the Edict because:
– Needed funds from Princes to support a renewed war
with the Turks
– Pope Clement VII had signed a treaty with Francis I
and the third Hapsburg-Valois War began (15351538)
When Charles was ready to act again in 1541,
the last Hapsburg-Valois War erupted (15421544).
 When Luther died in 1546, the league had
internal problems.
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Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555)
Charles defeated the Schmalkadic League from
1546-1548.
 He instituted the Augsburg Interim (1548)—
reinstated Roman Catholic Faith by Imperial
order.
 But Charles again ran into problems with the
Turks (overrunning Hungary) and France (“War
of Liberation” in 1552).
 Peace was achieved between Charles and the
Protestant Princes in 1555—The Peace of
Augsburg with the key principle of cuius regio,
eius religio.
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French Gallicanism
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France had always been rather
independent in relation to the Roman
Catholic Church:
– The Bablyonian Captivity in Avignon
– Counciliarism began at the University of Paris
– Humanism was strong in southern France
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But France was the most centralized
monarchy in Europe.
Queen Catherine de Medici
King Charles IX (1560-1574)
Reformed Church in France
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Geneva was French-speaking and trained ministers who
were sent into France.
France persecuted these ministers
– Francis I began the persecution of Protestants in 1532.
– Henry II (1547-1559) instituted an inquisition called “the burning
chamber” in 1555.
 No leniency; books from Geneva burned
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French Reformed Church meets in its first National
Synod in 1559.
– Adopted the “Gallic Confession of Faith” (authored by Calvin)
– By 1562 represented 2,000 congregations of 3,000,000
adherents out of a population in France of 20,000,000.
– It almost functioned as a state within a state.
Growth of Political Power

Protestants were called Huguenots (uncertain
origin).
– Between 1562-1598, Protestants and Catholics were
fight eight major religious civil wars.
– There were three additional wars in the 1620s.
By 1550 Huguenots were a political power in
southern France, particularly among nobles
resentful of the growing power of the monarchy
and the rising middle class.
 During the short reign of Francis II (15591560)—17 year old son of Henry II, the
Protestants became a political party.
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The Reign of Charles IX
1560-1574
Came to the throne at the age of 10 and was
thus dominated by his mother Catherine
d’Medici.
 Due to youth, regional nobles gained power.
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– Guise family (Catholic)—conducted violent oppression
of Protestants
– Bourbon family (Protestant)—led by Henry of Navarre
and Gaspard de Coligny
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France went through a series of religious civil
wars in the 1560s, but the Protestants gained a
favorable peace in 1570.
– Coligny had become good friends with King Charles.
Huguenot-Catholic Wars in France
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In August 1572, it was believed a major political healing was about
to take place: the marriage of the Protestant Henry to the Catholic
Margaret of Valois.
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However, on August 24, 1572, Huguenot leaders (including Coligny)
were murdered in their beds, and this encouraged angry mobs
throughout France to assault Protestants (“St. Bartholomew Day
Massacre”).
– 6,000 Protestants died in Paris
– 70,000 Protestants died in the Provinces

But Protestants were still able to secure favorable terms to the end
of hostilities.
Coligny
Henry, Duke of Guise
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The War of the Three Henries
(1585-1590)
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Three Henries:
– Henry III, King of France and last surviving Valois heir of Francis
I.
– Henry, duke of Guise, head of the Catholic League
– Henry of Navarre, Bourbon family and heir-presumptive of the
childless Henry III (cousin of Henry III) and married to Henry
III’s sister (Margaret).
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The War
– Henry III fled Paris as Henry of Guise was popularly acclaimed
King. Henry of Guise was assassinated.
– The Catholic League revolted and Henry III was assassinated.
The Catholic league proclaimed an uncle of Henry of Navarre as
King Charles X.
– Henry of Navarre defeated the Catholic League in 1590, but
Spanish troops prevented his entry into Paris.
Henry IV (1589-1610)
Protestant Henry becomes Catholic: “Paris is well worth a mass”.
– In order to appeal to moderate French Catholics and to
prevent the King of Spain from installing his granddaughter
as queen, Henry becomes Catholic.
– He is crowned in 1593, Pope accepts his conversion in 1595
and wins a treaty with Spain in 1598.
 In 1598 he proclaims the “Edict of Nantes” which grants religious
toleration for Protestants in certain towns.
– Public worship still forbidden in episcopal centers.
– In 200 towns where they could worship, they were also free
to garrison and fortify their town.
– Protestants were granted civil liberties and the protection of
the law.
 Henry IV, however, was assassinated in 1610; some think by a
Jesuit plot.

King Henry IV
Margaret of Valois
Huguenot’s Expelled
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Henry IV was assassinated in 1610, and 8 year old Louis XIII (1601-43)
became king but his mother Marie de’ Medici was the real power.
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Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) ultimately became the power behind the
throne of the pro-Catholic royalty. Protestants were disarmed and divested
of political power.
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In 1665 Protestants were to surrender their children to be educated at
Catholic schools.
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Ultimately, Louis XIV in 1685 issued the Edict of Fontainbleu which
criminalized Protestantism in France. 50,000 families fled to America, South
Africa, Prussia, Netherlands and England.
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Despite the oppression, a “French Reformed Church” continued to exist in
France and re-emerged when Louis XVI issued a decree of religious
tolerance in 1787.
The Dutch Reformation
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The low countries were a breeding ground for early humanists
(Erasmus) and devotional movements (Devotio Moderna; Thomas a
Kempis).
The Reformation was at first humanistic, but then Lutheran as
Lutherans were martyred in 1520s.
The Anabaptists emerged in the 1530s and remained throughout the
16th and 17th century. Emperor Charles instituted the full Spanish
Inquisition in the Netherlands in the 1540s.
By 1560, the Calvinists had emerged as the leading Protestant party.
– Belgic Confession was written in 1561; the author was burned at the
stake in 1571.
– Dutch Reformed Church adopted the Heidelberg Catechism as their
confessional stance in 1571.
– Calvinism present in the Netherlands due to the English and French
refugees and the support of Heidelberg.
Dutch-Spanish War in Netherlands
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Philip II of Spain (1555-98), son of Emperor Charles V, reigned over the
Netherlands by virtue of an earlier Hapsburg marriage.
– Charles V had ruled the low provinces because his grandmother was the Queen
of Burgundy
– When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he secured the Holy Roman Empire for his
brother Ferdinand and gave the rule of Spain and low countries to his son Philip.

The low countries were divided ethnically, linguistically and religiously
– Netherland was Germanic, Dutch-speaking and Protestant
– Belgium was Flemish, French-speaking and Catholic.

Philip wanted a fully Catholic state—increased number of bishops, taxed the
provinces to finance wars, stepped up persecution of Protestants. Philip
was generally disliked as a “outsider” or “foreigner.”
– Calvinists were iconoclastic, particularly in 1559.
– Philip sent troops to oppose the Calvinists and suppress them.
Militant Calvinism
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The Dutch requested religious tolerance in the northern
Provinces where the Calvinists were located, but the
Spanish refused and mocked them as “beggars”.
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Some Calvinists seized control of cities. Philip sends the
Duke of Alba to suppress (1567-1568). He executes 18
nobles.
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In 1572, William of Orange leads a revolt and by 1579
the northern provinces (Netherlands) had formed an
alliance. Though nominally a Calvinist, William wants
religious toleration and to restore the rights of nobles.
Netherlands and Belgium
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In 1581 Protestant Holland declared independence and
wars ensued till the Spanish retreated in 1609. The
truce ended in 1621 and war was renewed till the final
peace came in 1648 at the Peace of Westphalia where
Spain relinquished all rights to the Northern Provinces
(Netherlands).
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However, the southern region, called Flanders, remained
in Spanish Catholic hands. The Jesuits reinvigorated
Catholicism in what would later become “Belgium”
(which did not become an independent state until 1830).
Thirty Years’ War in Central Europe

In 1590, roughly half of Europe was Protestant, but in
1690 that ratio was reduced to one-fifth.
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The war started with the “defenestration” of two Catholic
magistrates in Prague after the Emperor Mattias (15571619) appointed a Catholic King over Bohemia, his
cousin Ferdinand (1578-1637).

Upon becoming Emperor in 1619, Ferdinand invaded
Bohemia and banned Protestantism—all who were
unwilling to convert had to leave by Easter 1626.
Bohemian War (1618-1625)
Persecution against Protestant Hussites
 Hapsburgs refused to allow them to elect
their own king
 Government placed under 10 governors, 7
Catholic
 Group of Protestant noblemen threw
Catholic representatives of emperor out of
palace window

– The Defenestration of Prague
Progress of the War
Protestants led by Count Thurn and Count
Mansfeld
 Catholics led by Tilly
 Initial victories for Protestants
 Protestants decisively defeated at Battle of
White Mountain Nov. 8, 1520
 Emperor Ferdinand II, Jesuits, and
inquisition ended Protestantism in
Bohemia
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The Danish War (1625-1629)
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Protestant leader King Christian IV of Denmark
Catholic leader Albert of Wallenstein (15381634)
Catholic victory at Bridge of Dressau 1626
Edict of Restitution, Mar. 29, 1629
Treaty of Lubeck restored Christian’s lands but
he agreed not in interfere in Germany
Wallenstein dismissed in 1630 for being too
severe
King Christian IV of Denmark
Albert of Wallenstein
Thirty Years’ War
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England, Netherlands and Denmark then invaded Germany to
cripple Ferdinand but were defeated and hostilities ended with a
treaty in 1629.

Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632), invaded Germany
in 1630 to punish the Catholics and regain central Europe for
Protestantism as well as thwart the power of Catholic Hapsburg.

The Swedes crushed the Catholic League and occupied Prague.
However, Adolphus was killed in 1632 and fortunes were slowly
reversed.

By 1648 central Europe was exhausted from hostilities. Adolphus’
friend and chancellor remarked: “Behold with what little wisdom
the world is ruled.”
The Swedish War (1630-1635)
Protestant leader Gustav II Adolphus King
of Sweden (1594-1632)
 Invaded Germany to support Protestants
 Wanted Prussia and Pomerania for
Sweden (control of Baltic Sea)
 Made treaty with the French
 Won several victories
 Tilly captured and sacked Magdeburg
1631
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Gustav II Adolphus of Sweden
Count Tilly
Progress of War
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Gustav Adolphus won great victory at Leipzig of
Breitenfeld Sept. 17, 1631
– Tilly against Gustav
– 40,000 in each army
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Wallenstein brought back in; Tilly killed
Gustav and Wallenstein fought at Lutzen
– Nov. 16, 1632
– Gustav’s army won, but he was killed
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
Wallenstein again fired and later assassinated
War settled by Treaty of Prague, May 30, 1635
– Lutherans alone granted freedom of worship
Battle of Lutzen
Swedish-French War (1635-1648)
Germans against Swedes
 Swedes against Danes
 French against Germans
 Spanish against French, Dutch, Swedes
 Initial victories for Protestants
 Germany devastated
 Emperor called for truce 1648

Map of Thirty Years’ War
Devastating Effects
Example: Magdeburg’s 30,000 inhabitants
were reduced to 5,000 survivors on May
19, 1631.
 3,000,000 Bohemians shrunk to less than
800,000 by the end of the war.
 Germany’s population decreased from 21
to 13.5 million in the course of the war (a
reduction of 35%).

Treaties of Westphalia (1648)
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Independence for Netherlands & Switzerland
Gains for French & Swedes
Germany remained fragmented
Reformed church recognized under Peace of
Augsburg
Catholic & Protestant states had equal status in
Empire
Land ownership set by norm date Jan. 1, 1624
No rights for Protestants in Bohemia or Austria
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Retained the conclusion of the Peace of Augsburg (1555): the
religion of the state is determined by the religion of the ruler.

Territorial adjustments: Sweden gained in the Baltic, France along
the Rhine, German princes gained greater authority at the expense
of the Emperor, Hapsburgs gained control of Bohemia, and the
Brandeburg-Prussian rulers arose as independent German-speaking
princes in north central Europe.

War in the future was more about the balance of power and
commercial interests than religion.

Established the religious contours of Europe for the rest of the
millennium.
Europe After Westphalia
Leipzig Debate (1519)
After Luther pointed out that the Greek Church
had never recognized any papal supremacy, Eck
responded that the Greek Church was not only
schismatic but, by rejecting the Roman primacy,
had made itself heretical; the Greeks had
“severed themselves from the Church and from
the Christian faith itself.”
 A year later, Luther “declared that ‘Muscovites,
White Russians, Greeks, Bohemians, and many
other great lands in the world...believe as we
do, baptize as we do, preach as we do, live as
we do.’”

Melancthon

The opportunity came for Melanchthon to
approach the Eastern Church when he received
into his home in the summer of 1559 a Serbian
deacon from the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
This deacon, Demetrios Myros, remained for
about six months with Melanchthon in
Wittenberg, where he learned first-hand
information about the Reformation and the
Lutheran Church. He, in turn, was able to
acquaint Melanchthon with the piety and ethos
of the Orthodox Church.
Augustana Graeca (1559)

When Patriarch Josaph II examined the
Lutheran Confession, he immediately
recognized that many of its distinctive
doctrines were at odds with the Orthodox
Church. To avoid the risk of controversy
with the German Lutherans, and thereby
thwart the Sultan’s political relations with
the Protestant States, the Patriarch simply
declined to respond -- fairly typical of
Byzantine diplomacy.
Jeremias and Augsburg Confession

Upon receiving the Greek Confession, the
Patriarch requested five more copies and
promised to provide a point-by-point
response to the document. This whole
process took some time, but the first
doctrinal response of Jeremias II to the
Augustana Graeca was received at
Tübingen on 18 June 1576.
German-Greek Discussion

The leading participants in the 16thcentury dialogue included Jakob Andreae,
the Chancellor of the University of
Tübingen in the duchy of Würtemberg,
and Patriarch Jeremias II of
Constantinople.
Dialogue
Scripture and
Tradition
 Opposition to filioque
 Synergistic Free Will
 The Role of Works


7+ Sacraments

Sola Scriptura
Defense of Filioque
 Total Depravity
 Justification by Faith
Alone
 2 Sacraments
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Eastern Soteriology
Orthodoxy sees human nature as fallen and mortal, but
as retaining its fundamental orientation toward God and
not as inheriting some type of juridical guilt; we are
redeemed from this fallen human nature by the
incarnation of the Son of God, who assumes and shares
this fallen, mortal nature in every aspect except sin,
even unto death, restoring it to its former potentiality
(i.e., “justifying” us) through his resurrection, in which
we share. But restoration to the potentiality of Adam
and Eve is just a starting point in Orthodox theology; we
are called to communion with God, to grow and mature
into the likeness of God, to become “deified” by
participation in God’s own life through the Holy Spirit.
Augustinian Soteriology
Augustinianism sees human nature as fallen and mortal,
having lost its fundamental orientation toward God and
inheriting some type of juridical guilt; we are forgiven of
the original guilt of this fallen human nature by baptism
through the atonement of Christ. Justification by faith is
the juridical gift of divine righteousness—the imputation
of Christ’s righteousness. By sanctification humanity is
restored to the former status of Adam and Eve in
creation as they communed with God. We are restored
to the perfection in which God created us as we are fully
restored into the image of God through the sanctifying
work of the Spirit.