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Digital Dilemmas Introduction Stanford University FSP CS99R, Fall 2001 Armando Fox, Emre Kiciman, and a cast of many © 2000-2001 Armando Fox Enrollment and Logistics Waitlist posted tonight: www.stanford.edu/class/cs99r If you don’t intend to enroll please let us know so we can remove you from the enrollment/wait list! If you do intend to enroll and your name is below, you must email Emre ([email protected]) before Friday AM 9/28 Chris Anderson Melissa Burns Julianne Cuellar Peter Deng Jacqueline Dozier Matthew Henick Wendra Liang Nicholas Lukens Karan Mahajan Chelsea Nicholls Marisa Nicopoulos James Rodgers JP Schnapper-Casteras Yuka Teraguchi Weisong Toh Anthea Tjuanakis Noah Veltman Melissa Wong Organizational stuff What to expect today Logistics: readings, email, Web, etc. No-count, group-interactive intro quiz and Fun Facts™ Five millennia of computing history highlights, in a nutshell What to expect rest of quarter Technology and society discussions Great guest speakers Interdisciplinary crowd What not to expect A lot of technical details…I will pass over these in favor of the big picture Discussion in which the focus is the technology itself Logistics Communication between you and us: Subscribe to the mailing list! (instructions on course web site) Course web site: http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs99r Slides will be online Readings Books: Cyganski (at Bookstore); Lessig (we have some copies) Course reader: available at Bookstore Everything else on Web Grading Participation and discussion, 50% Projects, 50% No exams Intro quiz and Fun Facts “Every city will want to have one” What am I? More fun facts Original purpose: recording/capturing important live events and performances What am I? Of note… what was not its original purpose? More fun facts: No-Count Intro Quiz Fill in the blanks: The Web as we know it has existed since ____ The Internet has existed since about ____ The basic ideas of reliable, point-to-point communication over a large distance have been well known since _____ Most technological advances in communication and computing have come from/been funded by ______ Don’t believe me? Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, late 1700’s, the Analytical Engine Claude Chappe, 1799-1850, optical telegraph system J. Presper Eckert and Charles Mauchly, ENIAC (one of the earliest digital electronic computers), mid-1940’s COLOSSUS, British-built early supercomputer, early 1940’s Paul Baran and Donald Davies, early 1960’s, packet switching Seymour Cray & others, mid-1970’s, early supercomputers Some “Everyday” Technologies What was the originally envisioned purpose? How are they used now? Telephone Copier Internet/Web “Phonograph” [sic] What have we learned, if anything? A milestone in the lifetime of an invention: people start using it in ways the creators didn’t (couldn’t?) envision. The network externality effect: [Metcalfe’s Law] If nobody has one, it’s useless. If everyone has one, it’s indispensable. More fun facts: Legal/Social Trivia What section(s) of what legal document(s) guarantee Americans the right to privacy? Yet more fun facts… What is the primary purpose of U.S. patent and copyright law? Now what have we learned? (Your turn to answer.) Preview of What’s Coming Up Rest of today, part of next time Tour of computing history and the forces that have driven it Whirlwind technical introduction to how the Internet works Next 2-3 weeks Technical and Legal vocabulary for intellectual property Three case studies in progress: DeCSS, Napster, Sklyarov An assignment Start reading (inhaling?) Cyganski Email me with 1 thing you’d like to see covered in the “technical intro” , or generally in the course Optional: email me a cool travel photo Condensed History of Computing “Five Millennia In Fifty Minutes Or Less” Prehistory Electro-mechanical computers (1800’s-1930’s) Electronic vacuum-tube computers (1940’s-1960’s) Integrated circuit (silicon chip) computers (1970’spresent) Communications history If all goes as planned, you’ll see some of these machines during our Field Trip near end of quarter Prehistory: Numbers The Need to Count The Abacus Roman Numerals An Innovation: Numeration Systems Turning hard tasks into easy ones: Napier’s Bones Babbage and Lovelace Babbage’s Analytical Engine First Government-sponsored computer research project British military wanted it for ballistics calculations Genesis of the stored program concept Never finished! Ada Lovelace, the Mother of Programming Saw the Analytical Engine’s potential for processing arbitrary symbols encoded as numbers Electro-Mechanical Computers Hollerith and the CTR Company Early American entrepreneur & Govt. contractor Punch card tabulating machines for US Census First high-tech startup to make its founder a millionaire CTR evolved into IBM under Thomas J. Watson, Sr. ENIAC John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Moore School of Engineering, Univ. of Pennsylvania “Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator” WW II Contract for US Air Force Direct ancestor to modern computers Weighs in at 30 tons Commercialization: First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951; in service till 1963 Instant celebrity predicting outcome of Presidential election in 1952 But Eckert & Mauchly weren’t businessmen… “I have had very bad experiences with [patent attorneys] over the years.” Transistors and Integrated Circuits Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley at Bell Labs Shockley Semiconductor: the first in Silicon Valley Replaced vacuum tube technology Cheaper, cooler, more reliable, faster Integrated circuit chips Transistors and other elements in a “silicon sandwich” on a wafer Bob Noyce & Gordon Moore found Intel in 1969 Microprocessors & Moore’s Law Moore’s Law: Transistors = K* 2(N-1968) Ted Hoff: the first microprocessor (Intel 4004, 1971) A “computer on a chip” -- just add memory! Volume production Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8086, 80286, 80386, i486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II… Innovation: high integration For comparison... CPU actual sizes (Diagram © 2000 Intel Corp., used without permission) Disk sizes: Check out the display case in Gates lobby Hint: state of the art microdisk is about this size “Order of Magnitude effect” Microprocessors were a catalyst! 1968: 30,000 computers worldwide Today: > 40 million sold per year Allowed discontinuous leap in what could be created affordably 1979: Steve Jobs sees demo of Xerox Alto prototype at Xerox PARC Q: What else was invented at PARC or by PARC alumni? 1984: Macintosh 1987-present: MS Windows 1995-present: portables History of Distnace Communications Optical Communication Electrical Telegraphy and Telephony Wireless Telegraphy and Radio The Internet The order-of-magnitude effect, again Fire Beacons and Alphabetic Codes 150 BC: Polybius, a Greek historian, documents first known system for transmitting arbitrary messages 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 A B C F G H L M N Q R S V W X 4 D IJ O T Y 5 E K P U Z • Major innovations: “instantaneous” transmission and fully alphabetic codes Napoleon’s Secret Weapon Claude Chappe, 1763-1805: The Optical Telegraph Emergence of a Network 1799: Napoleon seizes power: “Paris is quiet, and the good citizens are content.” 1814: Extends from Paris to Belgium, Italy 1853: 3000 miles, 556 stations Early Defense Contractor Scientific Advances, 18th-19th c. Relationship between electricity and magnetism Oersted (Copenhagen): demonstrated electricity’s ability to deflect a needle 1831, Faraday (Royal Institution, London): demonstrated electromagnetic induction, the basis of electric motors 1880’s: James Clerk Maxwell develops electromagnetic “field equations”, Heinrich Hertz demonstrates EM wave propagation experimentally Innovations enabled… Telegraph (Wheatstone & Cook, 1830’s; Morse Code, 1837) Transatlantic telegraph cable (1858) Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell, 1876) Radio (Guglielmo Marconi, 1895) Packet Switching Paul Baran & Donald Davies Early 1960s: New approaches for survivable comms systems packet switching, decentralized architecture 1967: ARPAnet Interface Message Processors (IMP’s) connect computers at UCLA, SRI, UCB, UofU via leased telephone lines 1973-75: Internetworking via common protocols 1980: Ethernet invented by Metcalfe at Xerox PARC 1981: Berkeley UNIX, free TCP/IP 1990s: NSF privatizes NSFnet 1993-4: World Wide Web developed (by whom? why?) What are the important innovations? Alphabetic code vs. word-based code Any message can be represented Digital vs. analog The ability to make perfect copies Non-degradation of messages via error correction codes: the ability to repair defective copies A way of thinking about point-to-point communication Packet switching is cheaper and more robust than circuit switching Any message can be encoded “Order-of-magnitude” effect again An order of magnitude (10x or more) change in a technology can cause a qualitative change in the impact of that technology. Example: computer speed 1971: 108,000 cycles per second 2,300 transistors 2000: 1,000,000,000 cycles per second 28,000,000 transistors (a factor of 10K in both) Why is this relevant? Hint: CD-quality audio is 88,000 audio samples/sec Hint: decompressing and converting audio is hard work Info source: CPU InfoCenter, Chipgeek.com, Intel Museum Another example: Storage Hard disk evolution (largely by IBM) Hard disk invented in 1956; modern “Winchester” design ~1965 1956: 50 platters, 24” each, 5 MB total, $10K/MB 2001: 2-5 platters?, 2.5”, 30,000-80,000 MB total, < 1 cent/MB A factor of 100,000 in cost per storage, 5,000 in size, 10,000 in gross capacity Why is this relevant? Hint: audio takes up a lot of space “Raw” audio: about 88,000 bytes per second of music; about 15 million bytes (Megabytes) for a 3-minute song Compressed audio using MP3: about 1.5 to 2 millilon bytes for a 3-minute song (a factor of 10 smaller) Last example: Network Speed of transmitting data from machine to machine 1960’s-70’s: Leased lines, 56,000 bits per second (today’s dialups!) Today: 1,000,000,000 bits per second locally up to 10,000,000 bits per second metropolitan-area Why is this relevant? …I think you get the idea The moral: Encoding audio, compressing it, transmitting it over the network, storing it, and playing it back were barely conceivable just a couple of decades ago. Networks were too slow to make transmission practical Computers were too slow to encode/decode and playback Disks were too small to make storage realistic Everything was way too expensive Today’s Travel Photo: Where Am I?