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University of Pitesti Dolnośląska Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Techniki w Polkowicach Information Technology Simedre Mirel-Adrian Dr inż. ZDZISŁAW PÓLKOWSKI Polkowice, 2015 Definition of Information Technology • Information technology is the technology that uses computing with high speed communication links to spread information from one place to another. • Computer is a very important component of information technology • The world has become “global village” due to advancement in IT. • Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. • Typically, IT is used in the context of enterprise operations as opposed to personal or entertainment technologies. The commercial use of IT encompasses both computer technology and telephony. http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/IT What is a Computer? • An electronic device that is programmed to accept data, process data into useful information and store it for later use • Computer consists of hardware and software • Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do • Hardware is the physical part of a computer E.g. keyboard , mouse etc • Relationship between hardware and software • It is not only a machine which perform different functions on numeric data but today more than 80% work perform by computer is non numeric in nature. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html Types of Computers • Analog Computers • Digital Computers • Hybrid Computers Analog computers are used to process analog data. Analog data is of continuous nature and which is not discrete or separate. Such type of data includes temperature, pressure, speed weight, voltage, depth etc. These quantities are continuous and having an infinite variety of values. A Digital Computer, as its name implies, works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols. Digital Computers operate on inputs which are ON-OFF type and its output is also in the form of ONOFF signal. Normally, an ON is represented by a 1 and an OFF is represented by a 0. So we can say that digital computers process information which is based on the presence or the absence of an electrical charge or we prefer to say a binary 1 or 0. http://www.byte-notes.com/analog-digital-hybrid-computers History and Generations of computers The computer as we see it today is a result of extensive research and development through the decades. The reason of origin of the computer and a brief history of its evolution are outlined below. The six generations of computers are: • Mechanical era(1623-1900) • First generation electronic computers(1937-1953) • Second generation (1954-1962) • Third generation (1963-1972) • Forth generation (1972-1984) • Fifth generation (1984-1990) • Sixth generation (1990 - present) http://www.techiwarehouse.com/engine/51c38188/History,-Origins,-and-Generations-of-Computers First generation Electronic computers • First generation computers were used during 1942-1955 . • They were based on Vacuum Tube which was a glass (tube) that controlled and amplified the electronic signals • Consume more power with limited performance • High cost • Uses assembly language – to prepare programs. These were translated into machine level language for execution. • Fixed point arithmetic was used • 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the earlier mechanical and relay based electromechanical technology • Punched cards and paper tape were invented to feed programs and data and to get results. • Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory • Mainly used for scientific computations. • Examples are: UNIVAC, Havard Mark 1, ENIAC http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node10.html Second Generation (1955-1964) • Bell Lab invented the transistor – function like vacuum tubes but smaller, lower power consumption, more reliable. • Transistor is a small device that transfer electronic signals across a resister • Lower cost • Magnetic core memories were used as main memory which is a random-access nonvolatile memory • Magnetic tapes and magnetic disks were used as secondary memory • Hardware for floating point arithmetic operations was developed. http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node11.html Third Generation (1963-1971) • Jack Kilby developed Integrated Circuit (IC) • An IC combined several electronic computers on a small silicon chip • IBM introduced System/360 – a highly configurable, highly backward compatible, mainframe computer system. • Small Scale Integration and Medium Scale Integration technology were implemented in CPU, I/O processors etc. • Smaller & better performance • Comparatively lesser cost • Faster processors http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node11.html Forth generation (1972-1984) • Microprocessors were introduced as CPU– Complete processors and large section of main memory could be implemented in a single chip • Tens of thousands of transistors can be placed in a single chip (VLSI design implemented) • CRT screen, laser & ink jet printers, scanners etc were developed. • Semiconductor memory chips were used as the main memory. • Secondary memory was composed of hard disks – Floppy disks & magnetic tapes were used for backup memory http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node11.html Fifth Generation (1983-1990) • Computers based on artificial intelligence are available • Computers use extensive parallel processing, multiple pipelines, multiple processors etc • Massive parallel machines and extensively distributed system connected by communication networks fall in this category. • Introduced ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology – Intel’s Pentium 4 microprocessor contains 55 million transistors millions of components on a single IC chip. • Superscalar processors, Vector processors, SIMD processors, 32 bit micro controllers and embedded processors, Digital Signal Processors (DSP) etc have been developed. • Memory chips up to 1 GB, hard disk drives up to 180 GB and optical disks up to 27 GB are available (still the capacity is increasing) • Object oriented language like JAVA suitable for internet programming has been developed. http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node14.html Sixth Generation (1990 - ) • This generation is beginning with many gains in parallel computing, both in the hardware area and in improved understanding of how to develop algorithms to exploit diverse, massively parallel architectures. Parallel systems now compete with vector processors in terms of total computing power and most expect parallel systems to dominate the future. One of the most dramatic changes in the sixth generation will be the explosive growth of wide area networking. Network bandwidth has expanded tremendously in the last few years and will continue to improve for the next several years. http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node15.html Computers Systems and its Components • Input Devices • Output devices • System Unit • Storage devices • Communication devices • Input Devices An input device is any device that provides input to a computer. There are many input devices, but the two most common ones are a keyboard and mouse. Every key you press on the keyboard and every movement or click you make with the mouse sends a specific input signal to the computer.(Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Touchpad, Light Pen, Magnetic ink character recognition, Optical mark recognition (OMR), Bar code reader, Scanner) http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/COMPUTER_AND_ITS_COMPONENTS • Output Devices: Output device receives information from the CPU and presents it to the user in the desired from. The processed data, stored in the memory of the computer is sent to the output unit, which then converts it into a form that can be understood by the user. The output is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the display device, or on paper (hard copy).(Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Facsimile (FAX), Sound cards and Speaker(s) ) http://studentcms.ise.canberra.edu.au/itw/kellkings/output-device/