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Silos, mousetraps, and islands a chronicle of information systems in organizations objectives develop sense of context for: organizations information technology information systems describe some of advances and failures of the old context why organize? division of labor manage complexity achieve mastery reduce switching costs reduce training costs increase scalability specialization & control and increased need for control A single, unified task… …naturally divides into subtasks resulting in task specialization coordinating mechanisms mutual adjustment direct supervision standardization of tasks standardization of outputs standardization of skills Mintzberg, 1979 3 PEOPLE = 3 CHANNELS 6 PEOPLE = 6 CHANNELS??? 6 PEOPLE = 15 CHANNELS 12 PEOPLE = ??? functional organization divisionalized form Mintzberg’s form strategic apex technostructure middle line support staff operating core the flow of formal authority the flow of regulated activity the flow of informal communication set of work constellations an organizational mess failure to integrate focus on task and individual over process and team grouping by function discourages lacks built-in mechanism for coordinating process flows coordination problems rise to level to far from origin loss of big picture; overall performance hard to track Moore’s Law 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Merced 10M transistors 1M 100K 10K 4004 8080 8086 80286 80486 80386 Pentium 500 mips 25 1.0 0.1 generations 1st – vacuum tubes 2nd – transistors 3rd – integrated circuits 4th – large-scale integration failure to communicate connectivity is more than technical issue organizational inertia and legacy systems standards cut both ways responsiveness is remote responsiveness / usability connectivity / responsiveness mainframe PC / LAN Internet IS management eras Era I – the glass house; regulated monopoly; focus on efficiency & productivity Era II – proliferation of PCs; free market; focus on individual & group effectiveness Era III – network is computer; ubiquity; focus on integration & value creation Applegate et al, 1999 classification of IS strategic apex executive IS decision support technostructure middle line support staff operating core geographic IS artificial intelligence factory automation (CIM) transaction processing failure to allocate imbalance in distribution: centralize/decentralize duplication of data in functional IS technical divide summary developed sense of context for: organizations information technology information systems described some of advances and failures of the old context