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2
(Focus on devices)
•Ken Gilleo PhD
•ET-Trends LLC
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Nanotechnology ID Crisis
* No universal definition for nanotechnology.
Definition: Ability to work at the molecular level, atom by atom, to create
large structures with a fundamentally new molecular organization and
novel and significantly improved physical, chemical, and biological
properties. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
Definition: a set of methods and techniques providing the fabrication
of structures consisting of individual atoms, molecules or
macromolecular blocks in the length scale of approximately 1 – 100
nm. It is applied to physical, chemical and biological systems in order
to explore their novel and differentiating properties and functions
arising at a critical length scale of matter typically under 100 nm.
Source: “What is what in the Nanoworld 11-08.
Definition: A field whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and
molecular scale. Generally deals with structures 100 nanometers or smaller,
and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Wikipedia
Chemistry: Science of the composition, structure, properties, and interactions of matter, especially atomic and molecular systems.
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Top-Down vs. Bottom-up
•Top-Down Nano (TDN)
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•Bottom-Up-Nano (BUN)
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Atom-by-atom
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Feynman approach
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Erik Drexler is leading advocate
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AFM
Lower specificity, higher
throughput
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Some include chemical synthesis
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Ultra-precise, no throughput yet
Semiconductors use TDN
processing
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Revolutionary if and when it is
done for complex systems
Start with unshaped material
Machine, cut, etch, drill, lase, or
somehow fabricate to desired
structure
(microscope)
Why not use both
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is prime method
The Nano
Zone
Our Big World
Macro
Meso
Electronics
Micro
Microbiology
Physics
Nano
Chemistry
Molecular
Atomic
The sciences overlap
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Sub-atomic
Particles
Size Domains
1 mm
Cells
Pollen
100 mm
Blood Cells
Mites
Bacteria
MEMS
Mirror; 16m
10 mm
1 mm
100 nm
Virus
Transistors
Next Gen 45nm
10 nm
Proteins
1 nm
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Physics
Atoms
Chemistry
Nano-Science & Technology
• Nanoscale Materials;
particles, parts, tubes, wires,
ropes, fibers, mesh
• Nano-Optoelectronics; quantum dots/wires
• Nano-Biomedical agents
• MEMS and MOEMS
– not much nano yet (NEMS)
 Nano-Electronics
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Discrete devices; e.g. transistors, sensors
Nano-ICs – emerging? When?
Circuits
Storage
Computing
Nano Building Blocks
• Powders & thin films/coatings – old nano
• Small 3D molecules
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Bucky Balls (fullerenes)
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Horns
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Graphene
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
• Wires & ropes
• Self-assembling entities
• Complex shapes (in future)
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
Carbon Nanotubes: graphene cylinders closed at either end; new
elemental form of carbon (C).
Uses: semiconductors, electrically conductive non-metals, high thermal
conductors and reinforcement - strongest known fibers.
New uses are being discovered every monthly.
CNTs are usually 1-50 nanometers in
diameter and typically a few microns long.
C
C
C
C
C
C
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Nano-Wires
• Definition: wires with diameter < 100nm.
• Electrically conducting, CNT, other materials.
• Formation
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AFM manipulation
Lithography
Spin/entangle
Grow continuously (like polymerization)
• Filled CNT – by capillary action
• Conductivity is quantized
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Molecules as Machine Parts?
Belt Drive
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Nanoelectronics Evolution
Nano material
Examples
Building blocks CNT, graphene,
fullerene
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Devices
Transistors,
sensors
Circuits
ICs, PCBs
Systems
Computers,
nanobots
Image
Nanocarbon Focus
• Quantum Devices have been built
• Electrical: conductive/semiconductor
• Thermally ultra-conductive; 4K wm/C
• Key component for new electronics?
• On most roadmaps since 2007
• Potential is still unknown
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Nanoelectronics Today
IBM Develops Alternative To Silicon Transistors
Electronic News -- Electronic News, 4/27/2001
2007
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2005
Next Stage
• R&D focus is CNT assembly & connections
• Need to improve present nano-transistors
• Need massively parallel processing
• Future: nano-transistor integration (IC)
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5 – 10 years away, or longer
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May not be CNTs or even carbon-based
Nano-Optoelectronics
• Carbon NanoTube light source
• Nanowires – new laser principle
UC-Berkeley
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Storage
IBM Millipede
Tiny depressions melted by an AFM tip into a
polymer medium represent stored data bits
that can then be read by the same tip.
Thermomechanical AMF storage
2009 Breakthrough :
"baroplastics" hard, but they
soften under pressure; 1 TB/in2.
memory density.
Animation Demo
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IBM Racetrack
Data is stored in domain walls between magnetic regions on a
nanowire. No motion, no wear, extreme density, low power.
Nano-Mechanics
Nano-Pen
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From S. Crucheon-Dupey, NanoInk
Biotechnology
Combining MEMS & Nanotech
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Potential Nano-Devices
• Discretes; transistors & sensors
Will probably
require
packaging
• Optical devices; emitters, sensors
• Integrated systems; Nano-IC
• Bio-medical (with electro/electronic)
• Nano-enhanced MEMS
• Nano-passives; including wires/PCBs
Maybe use as part of package
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Nanotechnology Issues
• Best Process bottom-up, top-down, “hybrid”?
• How to move from lab to fab?
• Where to focus – nanotech R&D disorganized
• Clarification and leadership needed
• Investors becoming vary; hype penalty
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Session Conclusions
• Embryonic – scope and potential yet unknown
• “Nanoscale” being confused with “Nanotech”
• Nanotechnology needs to clearly define itself
• Quantum-effect nano has unknown potential
• Disruptive potential; carbon-base electronics
(organic)
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Investor Beware