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Computer Science 103
Chapter 1
History of
Computing
History of Computing
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Initial Generation Computing
First Generation Computing
Second Generation Computing
Third Generation Computing
Fourth Generation Computing
Initial Generation Computing
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The Babylonians used the abacus first as an
aid to simple arithmetic around 500 B.C.
In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard made a
"Calculating Clock".
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Capable of adding and subtracting up to 6 digit
numbers; warned of overflow with the ringing of a
bell
The operations were carried out by wheels
Initial Generation Computing
Cont’d
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A French mathematician named Blaise Pascal
invented the “Pascaline” in 1642
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Was more popular than Calculating Clock and
copied up to 8 digits
Joseph-Maire Jacquard developed an
automatic loom
Charles Babbage invented the Analytical
Engine and the Difference Engine
Initial Generation Computing
Cont’d
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1890 U.S. Census
Herman Hollerith found the Tabulating Machine
Company, later known as IBM in 1896
The Electronic Tube was developed by Lee De
Forest in America in 1906
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Without this tube it would have been impossible to
make digital electronic computers
Initial Generation Computing
Cont’d
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In 1935, International Business Machines
introduces the “IBM 601”
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a punch card machine with an arithmetic unit based
on relays
capable of doing a multiplication in 1 second
In 1937 Alan M. Turing publishes a paper on
"computable numbers"
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the mathematical theory of computation
Initial Generation Computing
Cont’d
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David Hewlett and William Packard formed
Hewlett-Packard in a garage in California in
1939
Also in 1939, WWII begins which sparks many
improvements in technology leading to the
development of machines such as the
Colossus
First Generation Computing
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Computers between 1943 and 1959 are
considered 'first generation' computers.
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Based on valves and wire circuits
Characterized by the use of punched cards and
vacuum valves
All programming was done in machine code.
First Generation Computing Cont’d
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The Harvard Mark I
- Partially financed by IBM
- Became the first program controlled calculator.
- 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000
parts.
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“Heath Robinson”
- Specialized machine for cipher-breaking
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Colossus
- Earliest programmable electronic computer
First Generation Computing Cont’d
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Colossus (cont’d)
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Used to crack the German code used by the
'Enigma' machines
It translated an amazing 5000 characters a second,
and used punched tape for input
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer)
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Invented by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Calculated Ballistic trajectories and testing theories
behind the Hydrogen bomb
Recognized as first Universal Electronic Computer
First Generation Computing Cont’d
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William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
H. Brattain invent the transistor at The Bell
Laboratories.
The Floppy Disk is invented by Doctor Yoshiro
Nakamats.
UNIVAC I
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First general purpose computer
Designed to handle both numeric and textual
information
First Generation Computing Cont’d
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Estimates say that there are around 100
computers in the world in 1953.
Development of the FORTRAN (FORmula
TRANslation) programming language begins.
The integrated circuit is invented by Jack St
Clair Kilby at Texas Instruments.
Second Generation Computing
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Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are
often regarded as 'Second Generation'
computers
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Based on transistors and printed circuits (resulting
in much smaller computers)
Could handle interpreters such as FORTRAN (for
science) or COBOL (for business
Much more flexible in their applications
Second Generation Computing
Cont’d
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COBOL (COmmon Business-Orientated
Language) developed by Grace Murray
Hopper.
IBM 7030 ("Stretch")
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Data was organized as bytes and utilized magnetic
disks.
The machine was slower than anticipated, far more
expensive, and completed way past the deadline.
Strech was perceived as a failure but it contributed
to the development of other IBM machines later to
come.
Third Generation Computing
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Computers built between 1964 and 1972 are
often regarded as 'Third Generation' computers
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Based upon first integrated circuits, which allowed
for smaller machines
In 1965 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed at
Dartmouth College by Thomas E. Kurtz and
John Kemeny
Third Generation Computing
Cont’d
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Also in 1965, the first mouse was invented by
Douglas Englebart, but did not become popular
until the mid 80’s by Apple
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Intel was was founded by Robert Noyce and
company in 1968
Third Generation Computing
Cont’d
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In 1969 ARPANET was started by the US Dept.
of Defense for research into networking
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It was the original basis for what we now call the
internet
It was open to all non-military users in the 70’s;
primarily used by universities and large businesses
Al Gore was the first to call it the information
superhighway
Third Generation Computing
Cont’d
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Intel produced the first RAM chip in 1970
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capacity of 1 K-bit, 1024 bits.
Also in 1970, the UNIX operating system was
started
In 1971 the first microprocessor, the 4004, was
developed by Marcian E. Hoff for Intel
Third Generation Computing
Cont’d
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Microprocessors cont’d
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is a single chip (integrated circuit) that contains the entire
central processing unit of a computer
It contains the equivalent of 2300 transistors and was a 4 bit
processor
In 1972 Nolan Bushnell founded Atari and Pong
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Pong is widely recognized as the first popular arcade video
game
Fourth Generation Computing
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Computers built after 1972 considered fourth
generation computers.
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based on LSI (Large Scale Integration) of circuits.
typically with 500 or more components on a chip.
C programming language developed
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C++, which allowed for Object-Orientated
Programming, was introduced in early 1980s.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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First scientific calculator developed by HewlettPackard
Original connections to ARPANET established.
Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul
Allen (1975).
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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The Cray 1 is the first commercially developed
Supercomputer.
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It contained 200,000 integrated circuits.
Could perform 150 Million FLOPs.
It is now the basis of an informal measurement of
the power of Supercomputers.
Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting,
complex math and physics problems, and animation
in modern films.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Introduction of the 8086 by Intel (1978).
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the first commercially successful 16 bit processor.
The compact disk (CD) was invented (1979).
IBM started to develop their own PC.
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Microsoft commissioned to write the Operating
System
Released August 12, 1981.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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TCP/IP Protocol established.
Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced to the
Internet.
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Consisted of about 1000 hosts.
CD-ROM, invented by Phillips, produced in
collaboration with Sony.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Microsoft Windows is launched (1985).
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Not complete Operating System. It required DOS to
run.
Just had a Graphical User Interface (G.U.I)
Similar to Macintosh’s version.
So similar in fact that Apple tried to sue Microsoft for
copying the 'look and feel' of their operating system.
Court case finally dropped in 1997.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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World Wide Web (WWW) (1989).
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The Web was a result of the integration of hypertext
and the Internet.
The explosion of Internet usage started in 1993, a
year in which web traffic increased by 300,000%.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Windows 3.0 Released (1990).
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Allowed for true multitasking.
Linux born (1991).
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It now runs on many different types of computer,
including the Sun SPARC.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Intel's Pentium is released (1993).
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Achieved up to 100 MIPs.
Over 3.1 million transistors.
Netscape 1.0 written (1994).
Windows '95 was launched by Microsoft.
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This is an entire operating system and does not rely
on MS-DOS.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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CompuServe blocked access to over 200
sexually explicit sites (1995).
JavaScript development is announced by
Netscape.
IBM's Deep Blue is the first computer to beat a
reigning World Chess Champion, Gary
Kasparov, in a full chess match (1997).
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Intel released their Pentium II processor.
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It featured a much larger on-chip cache, as well as
an increased instruction set.
Microsoft invests in Apple.
U.S. court bans buying of domain names.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Windows 98 released.
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U.S. attorneys attempted to block release due to the
Operating System interlacing with Microsoft Internet
Explorer.
Attorneys claimed this blocked competition.
Microsoft claimed that delaying the release would
damage the economy.
Fourth Generation Cont’d
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Microsoft releases Windows XP
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latest version of their Windows operating systems.
Microsoft releases its gaming console the `X'
Box.