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NanoLab
Physics 4970
Spring 2007
TR 14:30-16:20
development funded by a grant from
National Science Foundation
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More
Things Natural
Things Manmade
10-2 m
1 cm
10 mm
Head of a pin
1-2 mm
Ant
~ 5 mm
Dust mite
200 mm
10-4 m
Fly ash
~ 10-20 mm
The
Microworld
Human hair
~ 10-50 mm wide
1,000,000 nanometers =
1 millimeter (mm)
Microwave
10-3 m
10-5 m
0.01 mm
10 mm
O
Red blood cells
Pollen grain
1,000 nanometers =
1 micrometer (mm)
-6
Visible
10 m
ATP synthase
10-8 m
0.1 mm
100 nm
0.01 mm
10 nm
10-9 m
P
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Zone plate x-ray “lens”
Outermost ring spacing
~35 nm
Combine nanoscale building
blocks to make novel
functional devices, e.g., a
photosynthetic reaction
center with integral
semiconductor storage
Ultraviolet
The Nanoworld
10-7 m
~10 nm diameter
21st Century
Challenge
0.1 mm
100 mm
Infrared
Red blood cells
with white cell
~ 2-5 mm
MicroElectroMechanical devices
10 -100 mm wide
Nanotube electrode
Nanotube transistor
Soft x-ray
1 nanometer (nm)
DNA
~2-1/2 nm diameter
Atoms of silicon
spacing ~tenths of nm
10-10 m
0.1 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
positioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Carbon nanotube
~2 nm diameter
Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Office of Science, U.S. DOE
Version 03-05-02
Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano
milli
micro
10-3
10-6
nano
10-9 Greek nanos
pico
femto
atto
10-12
10-15
10-18
Latin micros
Greek micros


thousand
small
 dwarf
Spanish pico

Danish/Norwegian femten 
Danish/Norwegian atten

small quantity
fifteen
eighteen
Why Nano?
• electronics
– Nanoelectronic  smaller faster transistors
– molecular scale electronics  build electronic circuits
with molecules
– quantum computing
• mechanics
– MEMS micro electromechanical systems
• accelerometers, nano-guitar
– NEMS nano electromechanical systems
• molecular motors
Two Different Approaches to
Nanofabrication
• Top ⇨ Down: Start with
the big chunk and cut
away material to make
the what you want.
• Bottom ⇨ Up: Building
what you want by
assembling it from small
prefabricated units such
as atoms and molecules.
Today’s Science Fiction
Tomorrow’s Technology?
• Molecular Nanotechnology
– Building functional nanostructures
by controlling the
placement of molecules
– Molecular manufacturing
 molecular assemblers
– examples: nanites (Star Trek, etc.)
• Resources
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Foresight Institute (molecular nanotechnology)
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing
Zyvex (molecular nanotechnology)
Mitre Corp (molecular scale electronics)
Moore’s Law
In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that
number of transistors per integrated circuit
was growing exponentially with time.
Doubling every 2 yrs (approximately)
Gordon Moore
co-founder of Intel
Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits,” Electronics, 38(8), (19 Apr 1965).
Molecular Scale Electronics
Individual molecules serve as electronic components.
Molecular Electronic Devices:
Can Molecules Perform the Function of
Electronic Insulators, Wires and Switches?
The History of NanoLab
• NanoLab was first run during the Aug 2003
intersession.
• Development of NanoLab is funded by the NSF NUE
• The intent is to provide an introduction to
nanotechnology that is accessible at the sophomore
level.
• Does this mean that NanoLab dumbed down? NO.
– There are many levels of understanding. Is it necessary to be
a motorcycle mechanic to ride a motorcycle?
– Students are encouraged to pursue understanding of the
material to a level where they are comfortable.
What is NanoLab
• general hands-on experience
• Nanotechnology beyond the hype
– What is actually involved?
• An introduction to our capabilities at OU
• NanoLab uses active research facilities.
• Many of the activities you will do are based on
actual ongoing research. TAs have developed and
tested the procedures so that they will work in the
time allotted.
How is NanoLab Graded?
(Physics 4970)
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Attendance
Participation
Quizzes/Homework
Lab reports/presentations (?)
every student/group should keep a lab
notebook
NanoLab Activities
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Electroluminescent Panels (ACTFEL)
Atomic scale structure: Crystals & surfaces
nanoparticle optics (microscopy, light scattering, absorption)
Microscopy (optical & electron, resolution, diffraction limit)
Scanning probe microscopy (AFM, STM, nanolithography)
X-ray diffraction from ultra fine powders
surface modification (single molecule thick layers  monolayers)
microcontact printing & pattern transfer
TiO2 solar cell
AAO templated growth
Microfluidics
Carbon Nanotubes (?)
Field trip to Zyvex & TI
Brownian motion, molecular ratchets, and stochastic motors
Single nanoparticle microscopy
What Would YOU Like to do?
NanoLab depends on YOU
Please take tell us the following (on paper)
• List your interests.
• What are some topics you would really
like to cover in NanoLab?
• Do you have experience with techniques
that would benefit NanoLab?
The Future of NanoLab
• The future depends on you
• We need to hear from you. What are you
interests. What did you like? What did you
not?
• Would you recommend NanoLab to your
friends?
• Should NanoLab be repeated?
Useful Approximate Numbers
• distance between atoms ~3Å ~ 10–7.5 cm
(3x10–8 cm ~ 100.5 x10–8 cm = 10–7.5 cm)
• # atoms/cm ~ 107.5
• # atoms/cm2 ~ (107.5)2 = 1015
• # atoms/cm3 ~ (107.5)3 = 1022.5