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Islam
Chapter 10, section 1-2
Background
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Arabian Peninsula
 Africa,
Europe, Asia
 Early people: Bedouins (nomads)
 600s Arabs settle in towns
Become centers for long distance trade
 Connected sea and land routes
 Mecca was important stop on trade routes
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Muhammad’s background
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Born in Mecca
Orphaned at 6
 Raised
by grandfather
and uncle
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Caravan trader
Business manager for
Khadijah, a wealthy
business woman, who
later became his wife
Muhammad’s Revelation
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Meditating in a cave at age
40
Angel Gabriel -told him
that he was a messenger
of God
Muhammad believed he
was the last of the
prophets
Began to teach that the
one and only God was
Allah

613 Began preaching
publically
Followers of Muhammad’s Message

Islam
 “Submission
of Allah”

to the will
Muslim
 “One
who has
submitted”
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Hijrah
 622
Muhammad and
followers left hostility in
Mecca
 Migrated north to
Yathrib, later called
Medina

“city of the prophet”
Key Beliefs
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Allah is the one and only
God and Muhammad is his
prophet. People achieve
salvation by following the
Five Pillars of Islam and
living a just life.
Monotheistic
Qur’an: Holy book
Sunna: Muhammad’s
example- model for proper
living
Shari’a: body of law
What is Shari’a? –Islamic law
-Regulates family life, Moral conduct and business matters

The straight path to God
 Describes limit of acceptable behaviour
 Sin - offence against God. Crossing boundary
 Shirk
 Zalim
 Lying, cursing, envy
 Only God can forgive sin if sincerely repent
 Judgment

day
Punishment
 Deterrance
 Reform of criminal
 Protect society
Content of Shari’a

Body of law
 Family
 Nation

Dhimmi status for non-Muslims
 International
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law
Authority for law
 Qur’an
 Sunnah
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Hadith
Practices of the Prophet
 Schools
of law
•Religious matters are not separate from criminal or civil matters
•Qadis- Islamic Judges who apply law
•Imams – interpret law
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Faith
Prayer
 5 x day toward
Mecca
 Mosque
Alms –pay tax for poor
(zakat)
Fasting: Ramadan
Pilgrimage: Hajj
(journey to Mecca
required to take)
Five Pillars of Islam
Muhammad’s Successors
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Muhammad died without
naming a successor (632)
Abu-Bakr elected the first
caliph
Four “Rightly Guided”
Caliphs all expanded Muslim
territory

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Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Knew Muhammad and supported
his mission
Expansion of the Muslim Empire
Expansion of the Muslim Empire
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Army Success
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Faith of soldiers, willing to fight to defend Islam
Discipline, training, good leadership
Weakness of Persian and Byzantine Empire
Treatment of Conquered People
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No forced conversion
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Qur’an forbade forced conversion
Many people converted because of message
Economic benefit because no poll tax
Special treatment for people of the book (Jews and Christians)
Religious tolerance (but not allowed to spread religion)
Internal Conflict =
Crisis
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Conflict over succession
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Uthman murdered in 656
Division over successor
Ali was next caliph (relative of Muhammad) murdered 661
Umayyad Rule
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Came to power and established hereditary system of succession
 (ended election of caliph)
Moved Muslim capital to Damascus in Syria
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Rule led to split between Muslims
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Sunnis
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“Followers of
Muhammad’s Example”
Chosen leader can
serve as caliph
Did not outwardly resist
Umayyad rule
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Shi’a
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“Party of Allah”
Caliph needed to be a
relative of the Prophet,
Muhammad
Resisted Umayyad rule
Islamic Sects
What is jihad?
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Jihad means ‘struggle in the way of Allah.’
 Purpose
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is to establish peace
Greater jihad
 Religious life
 Perfect self before

changing society
Lesser jihad
 Struggle to remove evil, injustice
 Speak out against injustice
 Defend Islam from attack
 Spead Islam by creating environment
where
easier to convert
 Majahid - person who dies doing jihad
When can war be called jihad?
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Started by a religious leader
Backing of ummah
Defensive
Peaceful means exhausted
Not to gain converts
Religious sites protected
Innocent not at risk
Not to gain land or power
Environment protected
Transition and Trade
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Rebel groups
overthrew Umayyads
in 750 and Abbasids
took control
Abbasids moved
capital to Baghdad
Muslims created a vast
network of trade
Used the silk road and
explored Europe
Islamic Contributions and
Advancements
Art and Literature: Arabic,calligraphy,
poetry
 Urban Life: cities grew to learning centers,
linked through trade network
 Society: 4 social classes, protected
women’s rights, tolerance for other
religions
 Science and Math: House of Wisdom,
medical advances, growth of math and
astronomy, Algebra
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