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Bell Work • List 5 things that you know (or think you know) about the religion of Islam, Islamic culture and history. Arab? Islam? Muslim? Islamic? • Arab – someone who speaks Arabic • Islam – the faith founded by Muhammad • Muslim – someone who practices the religion of Islam • Islamic – describing an object (ie. Islamic country, Islamic calendar, Islamic law) The Arab World Muhammad and his teachings/revelations from Allah Means “submission” –people must throw themselves upon the mercy of God (submit) in order to be saved “Muslim” – people who practice the religion of Islam Arabia Before Muhammad • Bedouin tribes – nomadic animal herders o Worshipped pagan gods o Constantly at war (scarcity of water, resources) • Mecca o Popular because location of the Kaaba (alter of Abraham) o Prosperous – Kaaba made it a center of trade Muhammad • born in Mecca 570 A.D. • “revelation” from God in a cave • preached MONOTHEISM (one God) Why didn’t Arabs like Muhammad's message? • Threatened their gods/way of life o monotheism, non-violence • Threatened their power and wealth o Kaaba brought trade and prosperity o Rich had to give to poor 622-The Hijra • Muhammad forced out of Mecca and went to Medina (city of the prophet) • began the religion of Islam • Year 1 on Muslim calendar Prophet’s Mosque-Medina 630 Muhammad returns to Mecca • captures the city • Died in 632 Kaaba Before Muhammad: After Muhammad: “black stone” worshipped, along with pagan gods • re-dedicated to one God (Allah) • 1st mosque (Muslim house of worship) • Sight of the hajj Why does Islam spread? • Social justice message – non-violence, equality • Strength of Muhammad’s forces o o New power in Arabia People converted to Islam Muhammad’s Teachings • Allah was the one and only God and all should submit and be thankful to Him • All believers in Allah were equal under Him • Christians and Jews “people of the book” • required to treat them with tolerance How have religions spread?? Five Pillars of Islam • Faith • Daily prayer • Almsgiving • Fast • Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) Testament of Faith • There is ONE God, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet Daily Prayer • Pray five times a day • facing Mecca • In Arabic Almsgiving • Charity to the poor and aged • 2.5% of possessions Fast • during the month of Ramadan • NO food – sunrise to sunset • Refrain from violence, harsh language, gossip, etc. Dates – used to break fasts by many Muslims (Kuwait) Haji • “pilgrimage” to Mecca • All Muslims who are able must make the journey The Koran • Sacred book • Muhammad’s miracle • God’s final message to his people • Final authority for Muslims, on: religion, politics, law, economic, and social life • Islamic Law – Sharia Islam: After Muhammad's Death • AD 632 – Muhammad dies • Abu Bakr takes over as caliph (successor to the prophet; political leader of Islam) • AD 661 – Ali, the 4th caliph (relative of Muhammad) is murdered • Dispute over who will be the next successor erupts!!! Sunnis/Shiites: SIMILARITIES • • • • • • • • Monotheistic (believe in one God = Allah) Muhammad = prophet Koran – unchanging EXACT word of God Hadith/Sunnah Sharia (Islamic law) Worship in mosques Mecca = holy city 5 Pillars = responsibilities as Muslims Islam Splits SUNNISM • Traditional Islam • Any devout Muslim can be caliph • Emphasis on Koran, Hadith and Sunnah • Scholars interpret Koran • Don’t recognize imams/ayatollahs • No clergymen • 85-90% SHIISM • “Ali’s Party” • Caliph must be direct descendant of Muhammad • Believe Muhammad chose first imam (Ali) • Imam – leader – interprets Koran/Hadith • Ayatollahs issue decrees on Islamic law • 10-15% Pre Class Which difference between Sunnis and Shiites do you believe is the most significant? Why? Islam’s Zenith Expansion of Islam • Spread beliefs and gain riches • Arab armies launched Jihad (holy war) o To defend Islam o “Struggle within” • 732 Arabs conquer empire from Indus river, to Atlantic Ocean • Tolerance/ taxes on non-believers