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The Life & Death of Muhammad How A Man Became a Prophet… The Life and Death of Muhammad The Arabian Peninsula The south is an area along the coast of the Arabian Sea that gets regular rain (Sabaeans) Northern Arabia is one of the most inhospitable places on earth (Arabs) The Arabs of the north (Bedouins & Sedentary) were two culturally opposite groups Pre-Islamic Beliefs The first period begins with the decline of the Greek Seleucids in the Middle East around 65 BC In the second period, Arab cities were tributary states to the Byzantine Empire in the north, the Persians in the east, and the Sabaeans around 300 BC Bedouin culture flourished and became a military power during the third period around 400 AD A Bedouin tribe called the Quraysh led a conquest of Mecca around 500 AD Pre-Islamic Arabs worshipped three goddesses, al-Lat, al-Uzza, and Manat Year of the Elephant Muhammad was born into a struggling family settled in the northern Arabian town of Mecca Muhammad's father Abdullah died before his son was born He lost his mother Aminah at age 6 At age 8, Muhammad came under the care of his uncle, leader of the Hashim clan Muhammad’s Young Adulthood Muhammad was a reliable merchant, and by age 25 he was respected by most elders of Mecca Married one of his employers named Khadijah, a wealthy and beautiful 40 year old widow in 595 Ramadan on Mount Hira “In the Name of thy Lord who createth…createth man from a clot, and thy Lord is the most generous who teacheth by the pen, teacheth man that which he knew not” ~ from the Qu’ran A New Direction… Gabriel also passed on instruction for the Salah, the Islamic prayer ritual Muhammad considered himself a “Messenger of God,” or rasul Allah The Satanic Verses Revelations recited by Muhammad were often specifically directed against the most powerful clans Muhammad tried to reconcile his new religion with the traditional by incorporating Allah’s three daughters From Yathrib to Medina… Muhammad was dismissed from protection of his clan in 619 AD His journey to Medina in 622 AD was the Hijra and it is from this year that the Muslim calendar begins Turning Away… Battle at Badr In 624 AD, Muhammad and a force of only 300 men defeated a Meccan force of 900 at Badr In 630 AD, Muhammad reentered Mecca as its conqueror but was forced to flee to Medina The Final Years… On defeating the Hawazin, he became the most powerful military presence in Arabia Non-Arabs could only ally themselves to Islam by being a mawali, or “client” of a tribe In his last year of life, Muhammad led a great pilgrimage or Hajj to the Ka'aba in Mecca Sunni vs. Shi’a Did command of the Muslim community pass to Abu Bakr or Abi Talib? Sunni Muslims believe in the hadith (oral traditions) and the shura (consultation) while Shi’a believe in having a viceregent