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Islam: The Peace of Surrender to the One God Adhan (Call to Prayer) • Adhan 1 • Adhan 2 (w/ English subtitles) Surat al-Fatiha In the name of God, The All-Merciful, The All-Compassionate All praise belongs to God, Lord of all the Worlds, The All-Merciful, The All-Compassionate, Master of the Day of Judgement. Surat al-Fatiha You alone do we worship, and from You alone do we seek help. Guide us on the Straight Path, The path of those whom You have blessed, Not of those on whom is Your anger, Nor of those who have gone astray. Amen. Assignments • (due Weds., 5/4) – Watch 1st 30 minutes of “Inside Islam”, found at http://www.groundzerodialogue.org/ Scroll down; link on right hand side – Write a paragraph or two of your thoughts, based on this Viewer’s Guide, esp. points 1&3 • (due Thurs., 5/6) Watch 2nd half of film; same assignment as for 1st half Assignments • (due ., /) Type a 1-1½ pg. reflection paper on DVD “The Muslim Americans” • (due ., /) Read pp. 247-251(top); write 1 pgrph on your impressions of Muhammad Assignments • (due ., /) 1 paragraph: What impacted you most from DVD Muhammad: Legacy? • (due Mon., 5/9) Read pp. 247-251(top); Read handout on Qur’an; write 1 paragraph reflection on one or several passages for discussion • (due Tues., 5/10) Read pp. 251-256 (middle); 1 prgh.: Do you pray? Why? How? Assignments • (due Weds., 5/11) Read pp. 256-260 (top); write 1-2 pghs opinion on any controversial issues in Islam • (due Thurs., 5/12) 3 solid questions for T.U. students • (due ., /) Read pp. 260-263 • (Weds., 5/18) TEST on Islam • (due on or before last review day) Project The Foundations of Islam What IS Islam? What is Islam? • ISLAM… • MUSLIMS… • ISLAMIC… What is Islam? • Islam = “peace” • Salam (Arabic)/Shalom (Hebrew) • More literally, = “surrender” or “submission” • Implication… • Peace comes through submission to God (Allah) The Foundations of Islam The Life and Message Of Muhammed Life of Muhammed • Born c. 570 A.D. in Mecca • Meccan society: – Tribal – Mercantile – Polytheistic • Part of powerful clan, the Quresh • Orphaned early on; raised by uncle, Abu Taleb Life of Muhammed • M. becomes caravan guide – Exposed to cultures/religions, esp. monotheism of Judaism & Christianity – Meets Khadija> marries • M. repulsed by Meccans’ hypocrisy re: religion & care for poor • M. retreats more & more to pray, reflect Life of Muhammed • 610 A.D. “Night of Power and Excellence” – Angel Gabriel appears during prayer – Commands M.: “Recite”! – M. protests; he knows not how to recite – Gabriel tells M what to recite… beginning of dictation of Qur’an The Foundations of Islam: The Qur’an: Islam’s Sacred Presence The Qur’an • Center of Islamic faith on earth • Size: about 4/5 size of New Testament • Structured in 114 chapters or surahs • Originally written in Arabic The Qur’an • Qur’an means, literally, “reading” or “recitation” • From Angel Gabriel’s command: “Recite!” The Qur’an • Believed to have been revealed miraculously by God • ALLAH > MUHAMMED> EARLY DISCIPLES (written form) • Revealed & written in Arabic • Governs every aspect of life The Qur’an Express 7 basic beliefs about: • Allah – He is One – All predestined by Him • Revelation through – Angels – Human messengers(prophets) – Books(Jewish, Christian, Qur’an) • Human Destiny – Afterlife – Judgement The Qur’an Discuss Qur’an’s attitude toward: • Unbelievers • Violence toward enemies • Image of God How do these attitudes compare with those of other faiths? The Foundations of Islam The Life and Message Of Muhammed Life of Muhammed • 622 A.D. The Hijra – M.’s migration from Mecca to Yathrib – Importance: basis for all dates in Muslim calendar (Anno Hegirae, “in the year of the Hijra”) Message of Muhammed • M referred to as the “Seal of the Prophets” – Prophets= link betw Allah and humankind – Some “lesser” or prior prophets: eg. Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus – M = “seal”, ie. the final prophet – M reveals fully, precisely and for all time the will of Allah Message of Muhammed • Sunna of the Prophet: – Means “custom” – =M’s actions and his own sayings or “hadith” – Second most important authority in Islam 5 Pillars of Islam Shahada The Confession of Faith • “La ilaha illa’Llah. Muhammadur rasulu’Llah” (“There is no god except God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.”) • Core: – Oneness of God (Monotheism) – Uniqueness of Muhammad Salat Ritual Prayer • 5 times a day: – – – – – Dawn Noon Mid-afternoon Sunset Night • At home or in masjid (mosque) Salat Ritual Prayer • Friday Service (Jummah) in mosque: – Sermon (khutbah) – Noon prayer Sawm Fasting during Ramadan • Entire month, from sunrise to sunset • Abstinence from food, drink, sex, smoking, etc. • Ramadan shifts– lunar calendar Zakat Sharing of Wealth with Poor • 2.5 % of value of possessions • The Poor are exempt • Zakat is a form of worship • Fosters habits of generosity Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca • Journey in imitation of prophet • Umma clearly felt/experienced • Obligatory for all who can make the trip Features of the Hajj • Ritual white clothing for men (= equality/ purity) Islam: Practices & Teachings The Umma: The Community of Muslims The Community of Muslims • The community or Umma =all Muslims • Shari’ah = divine law (from Qur’an) that unites all Muslims • Governments of some countries (eg. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan) based on Shari’a The Varieties of Islam Sects & Movements in Islam Are there “sects” in Islam? Qur’an Hadith (Sayings of Prophet) (Mahtaphs) Various Schools of Thought (Opinions of Legal Scholars) Sunni & Shi’a • Islam divided into 2 major “sects”: Sunni Muslims Shi’ite Muslims Sunni Muslims • = a little less than 90% of Muslims • Sunni, from those who follow sunna or “custom” of the prophet Sunni Muslims • Leadership: Caliph elected from tribe of Muhammed • Dominant in Saudi Arabia, Syria, Indonesia, most African countries Shi’ite Muslims • = about 10% of Muslims • shi’i from “shi’at Ali” or partisans of Ali, the sonin-law of M. Shi’ite Muslims • = about 10% of Muslims • shi’i from “shi’at Ali” or partisans of Ali, the sonin-law of M. • Leadership: Imam(vs. caliph) as direct descendent of Ali • Dominant in Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Pakistan Sufism • Not a separate sect of Islam, but a special brotherhood • Sufi from suf, = “wool” • Sufis = “woolwearers”, from their special robes • Focus on inner, mystical experience of Allah