Download The Muslim World

The Muslim World
Chapter 10
Section 1-The Rise of Islam
Desert Towns and Trade Routes:
• Crossroads of Trade and
Ideas• 600 B.C.- Trade routes
connected Arabia to land and
sea trade
• Byzantine and Sassanid
Empires located in the north
– Carried spices from Yemen and
other products from the west
– Carried in info and ideas from
around the world
Desert Towns and Trade Routes:
• Mecca• During holy months caravans
stopped at Mecca, a city in
western Arabia.
• Ka’aba- An ancient shrine
where religious pilgrims
worshiped
– First associated with Abraham
– Contained over 360 idols brought
by different tribes
• Monotheism- Belief in one God
– Islam = Allah
The Prophet Muhammad:
• Muhammad• Born to a powerful Meccan family
– Orphaned at age 6
– Raised by grandpa and uncle
• At 25 became a trader and business manager
for Khadijah
– They got married
• He took great interest in religion spent much
time in prayer
The Prophet Muhammad:
• Muhammad• His life changed at 40 when a voice
called to him while meditating
– This was the angel Gabriel
– Told Muhammad he was the messenger of
Allah the last of God’s prophets
– Taught that Allah was the one and only God
all others should be abandoned
• Islam- “Submission to the will of Allah”
• Muslim- “One who has submitted”
• 613 A.D. Muhammad begins to preach
publically
The Prophet Muhammad:
• The Hijrah• Muhammad’s journey to
Yathrib 200 miles north of
Mecca
• During this journey
Muhammad gained many
new followers
• Yathrib later renamed
Medina
The Prophet Muhammad:
• Return to Mecca• 630 Muhammad and 10,000
followers returned to Mecca
• Mecca’s leaders surrendered
• Destroyed the idols at Ka’aba
and made a call to prayer
• Most Meccans = Loyal to
Muhammad and converted to
Islam
• Umma – Muslim religious
community
• Muhammad died in 632 at the
age of 62
– He was able to unify a
majority of the Arabian
Peninsula under Islam
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• The Five Pillars of Islam
– Faith– When becoming a Muslim
one has to repeat the
following statement of faith,
“There is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is the
messenger of Allah”. This
statement resonates
throughout Islamic rituals
and in Muslim daily life
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• Prayer– Five times a day, Muslims face towards Mecca and
pray. This can be done at home, a mosque, or any
where.
• Alms– Muhammad taught that all Muslims have a
responsibility to care for those less fortunate.
Muslims meet this responsibility by giving alms or
money to the poor, through a special religious tax
(About 2.5%).
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• Fasting– During the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from sun up
to sun down. The purpose of Ramadan is to represent the
fact that your spiritual needs are more important than your
physical needs.
• Pilgrimage– All Muslims who are physically and financially able to
perform the hajj to Mecca are required to do so at least
once in their life. Pilgrims are supposed to wear similar
garments so everyone stands as equals in front of Allah.
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• A Way of Life– Carrying out the Five Pillars of Islam
ensures that Muslims live their
religion and serve their community.
– Muslims are forbidden to eat pork or
drink intoxicating beverages
– Fridays are for worship
– Expected to worship Allah directly
– Ulama’s- Scholars who help teach
and apply the teachings of
Muhammad to daily life
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• Qur’an-Islamic holy book
containing the word of Allah as
revealed to the prophet
Muhammad
– Written in Arabic
• Only the Qur’an written in Arabic is
considered the true word of Allah
• Believed that Muhammad’s
mission was to receive the
Qur’an and demonstrate it’s
application
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• Sunna- The model for
proper living
• Shari’a- A body of law
assembled from the
teachings of the Qur’an
and Sunna
– Regulated family life,
moral conduct, and
business and community
life
Section 2-Islam Expands
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
• Muhammad had not
named a successor
• Muslims wanted to
carry on Islam
• Not sure how to
choose a new leader
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
• “Rightly Guided” Caliphs• Caliph-Successor or deputy
• Abu-Bakr-Friend of Muhammad and
1st Caliph
• “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
– Next 3 Caliphs after Abu-Bakr used the
Qur’an for guidance and all knew
Muhammad
– Umar, Uthman, and Ali
• After the prophets death many
Muslims left Islam others rebelled
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
• “Rightly Guided” Caliphs- (continued)
• Abu-Bakr evoked Jihad to justify and expand
Islam
• Jihad- Striving (an inner struggle against evil)
• Abu-Bakr
– Muslim state controlled all of Arabia
• Umar– Conquered Syria and lower Egypt and parts of the
Sassanid Empire
• Uthman and Ali– Continued expansion and by 750 the Muslim empire
stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Indus River
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
• Reasons for Success• The our “Rightly Guided” Caliphs made great
progress in spreading Islam
• Saw their victories as a sign of Allah’s support
• Muslim armies well trained and commanded
• By the time Muslim armies arrived the Byzantine
and Sassanid armies were exhausted
• Oppressed people welcomed the Muslims as
“Liberators”
• Islam was attractive and offered equality and hope
• Also Muslims did not have to pay a poll tax
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
• Treatment of Conquered People• Since the Qur’an forbade forced
conversion people were allowed to
practice their own religion
• Revered Christians and Jews as People
of the book
• Paid a poll tax instead of serving in the
military
• They were not allowed to spread their
religion but were allowed to serve as
officials, scholars, and bureaucrats
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
• 656-Uthman was murdered and a civil war broke out
among groups struggling for power
• Ali- Muhammad’s cousin and son-in law was the
natural choice
• His right to rule was challenged by Muawiya the
governor of Syria
• 661-Ali assassinated and the elective system of
choosing a Caliph died with him
• The Umayyads- Family came to power and moved the
Muslim capital of Damascus
• Move made controlling territories easier
• Soon differences within the community lead to a split
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
• Sunni-Shi’s Split• In an attempt at peace many Muslims accepted the
rule of the Umayyad (oo-MY-adz)
• Others thought that the Caliph should be a descendent
of the prophet
• Shi’a- Party of Ali
• Sunni- Followers of Muhammad’s example
• Sufi- Rejected the luxury of the Umayyad’s life style,
pursued poverty and spirituality
• Abbasids (uh-Bas-ihdz)- Most powerful group and
overthrew the Umayyads
Control Extends Over Three
Continents
• Abbasids murdered the remaining members
of the Umayyad family
• 762-They moved the capital to Bagdad, Iraq
• Location was a key part of the trade route
and gave the Caliph’s access to gold,
material goods, and information
• They developed a huge bureaucracy and a
treasury to keep track of money
• Sent diplomats to Europe, Africa, and Asia
to conduct business
• To support this they taxed land, imports,
exports, and non-Muslim wealth
Control Extends Over Three
Continents
• Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands• Abbasids ruled form 750 to 1258
• Fatimid (FAT-uh-MIHD) caliphate was
created by Shi’a Muslims who claimed
decent from Muhammad’s daughter
Fatima
• The caliphate spread from Northern
Africa to Western Arabia and Syria
• However, they were still connected to
the Abbasid caliphate through religion,
language, trade and their economy
Control Extends Over Three
Continents
• Muslim Trade• Two major sea-trading networks existed
– Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean
• It connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe
and Africa
• Arabic was the spoken language and the Abbasid dinar was the
currency
• To encourage trade Muslim traders set up banks through the
empire
• Banks offered letters of credit called “sakks” pronounced
check in Europe
• Period of immense growth in science, and art
Section 3-Muslim Culture
Muslim Society
• The Rise of Muslim Cities• Bagdad-Abbasid Capital
• Damascus- Now center for Islamic
learning
• Bagdad–
–
–
–
Located on the Tigris River
Distinct circular design
Protected by three circular walls
Caliph’s palace made of marble and
stone neighbor to the masque
– One million people living there at its
peak
Muslim Society
• Four Social Classes• Upper Class- Muslims from
birth
• Second Class- Muslim
converts
• Third Class- The “Protected
People” (Jews and Christians)
• Lower Class- Slaves (all nonMuslim)
Muslim Society
• Role of Women• The Quran says “Men are the
managers of the affairs of women”
and “Righteous Women are
Obedient”
• Men and women as believers are
equal
• Shari’a granted rights
– Marriage
– Property
– Family
Muslim Society
• Role of Women- (continued)
• Women still expected to submit
• For men to divorce had to say three
times “I dismiss thee” and its was
final in three months
• Women worked and raised children
• During the beginning of Islam
women were encouraged to be part
of society and gain education,
however overtime women led more
restricted lived and were expected
to be veiled
Muslim Scholarship Extends
Knowledge
• Reasons for supporting
science and knowledge
– Wanted skilled physicians
to treat their ills
– Used math and astronomy
to calculate times of
prayer
– Even Muhammad revered
the power of learning
Muslim Scholarship Extends
Knowledge
• House of Wisdom– Built in the early 800’s by
Caliph al-Ma’mun
– Combined library,
academy and translation
center
– Translated Greek, Indian
and Persian texts into
Arabic
Muslim Scholarship Extends
Knowledge
• Art and Science Flourish• Muslim Literature– The Qur’an is the standard for all
Arabic literature and poetry
– New work was about love, nature
and the pleasures of life
– “Thousand and One Nights”- A
collection of fairy tales, parables,
and legends
Muslim Scholarship Extends
Knowledge
• Muslim Art and Architecture– Took new traditions and adapted
them to Islamic beliefs
– Muslims believed that only Allah
could create living beings so they
perfected calligraphy (hand
drawings)
– Also used woodwork, glass, and
ceramics
– Great Mosque of Damascus- A
blend of Byzantine architecture
and Muslim ideas
Muslim Scholarship Extends
Knowledge
• Medical Advances– al-Razi- Greatest
physician in the
Muslim world
• Wrote the
“Comprehensive
Book”- Medical Book
• Believed patients could
recover quicker if they
breathed clean air
Muslim Scholarship Extends
Knowledge
• Math and Science Stretch Horizons– Math• Use scientific observation and
experimentation to solve problems
• The basis for all knowledge
• Al-Khwarizmi- created al-jabr (Algebra)
– Science- Used Greek texts but did not
follow the Greek method
• Experimented in labs
• Ibn al-Haythman- Book called Optics was
used as the basis for telescopes and
microscopes
Philosophy and Religion Blend Views
• Ibn Rushd- tried blending
Plato and Aristotle’s work
with Islam
– Argued they had the same
goal: To find the truth
• The Ideal Man– East Persian, Arabic in faith,
of Iraqi education, Hebrew in
astuteness, Christ like in
conduct, looks at Greek
science and Indian influence
for mysteries, and Sufi in
spirituality
Philosophy and Religion Blend Views
• The Muslim state eventually
broke apart but the culture
thrived
• The next three big empires
emerges for the Muslim world
–
–
–
–
Ottomans
Safavid
Mughal
During the 14th century European
scholars during the Renaissance
would draw upon the work of
Muslim scholars